Conditional And Iterative Data Types Essay Example For Students

Conditional And Iterative Data Types Essay Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter!ConditionalAnd Iterative Data TypesA programming language cannot bea programming language with out its conditional and iterative structures. Programming languages are built to accomplish the task of controlling computerinput and output. A programmer must use every tool available to completehis/her given tasks, and conditional as well as iterative statements arethe most basic items of programming which must be mastered. Manydifferent programming languages can demonstrate conditional and iterativestatements including C++, Java, Pascal, Qbasic, COBOL, and Scheme. Most of these languages implement conditional and iterative statementsin a similar fashion; however, there are a few differences. The conditional structure is easyto understand and self-defining. The whole statement is base on acondition and its veracity. When the statement or test is foundto be true, a statement is executed, and if it is false, another test isgiven or the program continues to the next block. Conditional structuresinclude the simple, two-alternative, multi-alternative, and non-deterministicconditional. The simple conditional is the easiest to understandbeing the IF-THEN statement. if Boolean expression thenblock of statementsIF a condition is met THEN execute a statement. The two-alternative conditional or IF-ELSE is also easy to understand. if Boolean expression thenblock of statementselseblock of statementsIF a condition is met execute a statement;ELSE the condition was not met so execute a different statement. The multi-alternative conditional is very close to the two-alternativeconditional. if condition-1 thenstatement-block-1elseif condition-2 thenstatement-block-2 elseif condition-n thenstatement-block-nend ifThe IF question is asked about a statement,and if it is not true, the next statement is examined. If statementnumber two is not true, the next statement is examined; then the next statementis examined and so forth until a condition is met, and the control is carriedout of the multi-alternative conditional. The non-deterministic conditionalis similar to the multi-alternative conditional, because it has multipleconditionals. if condition-1 #61614;statement-sequence-1when condition-2 #61614;statement-sequence-2 when condition-n #61614;statement-sequence-nend ifThe reason multi-alternative and non-deterministicconditionals are different, stems from the release of programs controlor flow. The non-deterministic conditional tests each statement tosee if its condition is met; whereas the multi-alternative conditionalonly tests statements until one of the conditions is met. After oneof the conditions is met, the multi-alternative conditional releases theprogram control and fails to check anymore statements. The iterative structure is a bitmore complicated than the conditional structure, but it is easy to understand. An iterative structure consists of a block of statements that are executedrepetitively. They might be executed once or a hundred times dependingon the controls placed on the structure. Iterative structures includenon-terminating, pretest, posttest, in-test, fixed-count, and non-deterministiciteration. The non-terminating iterative structure is not very common,because once it has program control, it does not release its control untilthe whole program is terminated. loop;sequence-of-statements;end loopOnce a non-terminating iterative structureis activated it continues to run forever. The pretest iterative structuretests a condition first, then if it is true, the following statements areexecuted repeatedly testing the statement each loop until thestatement is false. while ;condition; loop;sequence-of-statements;end loopOnce the statement is found to be false,control is returned to the program ending the pretest iterative statement. The posttest iterative statement is the same as the pretest statement exceptthe condition is tested after the sequence of statements. With theposttest iterative statement, the programmer is guaranteed to have thesequence of statements executed at least once. The statements areexecuted before the conditional statement has a chance to be tested. With the in-test iterative statement, the conditional statement is testedin the middle of the sequence of statements. It can be useful whenit is necessary to run a portion of the statement at least once regardlessof the outcome of the conditional. Fixed-count iteration is verypopular, because it allows a sequence of statements to be executed a finitenumber of times instead of relying on a condition to be true or false. The fixed-count iteration is simply do ;sequence-of-statements; x numberof times. The non-deterministic iterative statement is similar tothe non-deterministic conditional statement. dowhen ;condition-1; ;#61614;;statement-sequence-1;when ;condition-1; ;#61614;;statement-sequence-1; when ;condition-n; ;#61614;;statement-sequence-n;end doThe iterative statement executes untilnone of the conditions are found to be true. At that time, controlis release back to the program from the non-deterministic iterative statement. C++ has every type of control structurea programmer could ever need, and they are all easy to implement. The three types of condition statements include the if, if/else, and theswitch. The simple conditional is implemented through the if statement. The two-alternative conditional can be shown in C++ by using the if/elsestatements, and the multi-alternative can be demonstrated by using theswitch statement. When it come to iterative structures C++ uses thewhile, do while, and for statements. Pretest works closely with thewhile statement. Posttest uses C++s do while statement, and thefor statement is used in fixed count iteration. The code belowgives an example of each structure. if (x y)while (x y) {cout x;cout x;}if (x y)cout x;do {elsecout x;if (y x)} while (x y);cout y;for (int i=0; i 10; i++)switch (fruit)i = i + 1;case orange:cout yum;case banana:cout yummy;case apple:cout ooh yes;The simple conditional or if statementsimply asks if x is less than y and if it less than y x is printed to thescreen. The two-alternative/multi-alternative conditional using if/elseasks if x is less than y and if true prints x. If it is not lessthan y then it asks if y is less than x. If this is true y is printedto the screen. More statements can be added to this conditional tolengthen the multiple alternatives. Another multi-alternative conditionalinvolves the case statement. The variable fruit is measured againstorange. If fruit is orange the yum is printed. Next fruitis checked to see if it is banana. If so yummy is printed. Last apple is compared. Iterative statements start withthe while on the right. The pretest is initiated with the comparisonof x to y. If the statement is true the loop is started and lastsuntil x is greater than y. Post test is exemplified by the do while. It say print x then check to see if x is less than y. Next continuethe loop until x is greater than y. The for loop continues to addone to i until is not less than ten; the for loop demonstrates fixed countiteration. DRUG ABUSE in the United States of America, we, th EssayThe do/while loop is also a pretest iterative structure that checks theusers input before the loop starts. The do/until block is like ain-test iterative structure. It tests each line as it is processedto see if ans$ is equal to Y. When ans$ is equal to Y, theloop releases control back to the main program. Qbasic can be comparedto the previous three languages, but Qbasic seems to be less streamlinedbecause it has so many possible iterative structures. The same programscan be written in Java using only for or while loops. Now for the mighty programming languageCOBOL. COBOL is the older language with the ability to keep up withtodays fast paced programming tasks. COBOL is not very comparableto the previous four languages. Its is capable of performing thesame tasks with its conditional and iterative structures as C++, Java orany of the other languages, but COBOL has its own special way of performing. The syntax is quite different, but some of the key words are the same. Also, COBOL has considerably less iterative structures compared to Qbasic. COBOL has such conditional structures as if, if/else and evaluate/when. Iterative structures are best described in one word perform; the perform/untilis COBOLs definite solution to iteration. Exemplified by the followingcode , COBOLs conditional and iterative structures are easily understood. if operation = -subtract field-1 from field-2 givingresult-if operation = +add field-1 field-2 giving resultelseif operation = /divide field-1 by field-2 givingresult-evaluate taxable-wageswhen zero thru 200multiply taxable-wages by.15 giving federal-taxeswhen 200 thru 300multiply taxable-wages by.22 giving federal-taxesend-evaluate. performvarying power-value from 1 by 1until power-value field-2end-performThe example above lengthy for demonstratingonly four structures by COBOL is not designed to be easy to write; it isdesigned to crunch numbers. The if statement shows a simple conditional. If the question is evaluated to be true the subtraction is performed onthe two fields. The second block of code shows the use of if/elseor the two-alternative conditional. If the first condition is notmet the second condition is evaluated. If the second is found truedivision is performed on the two fields and an answer is given. Evaluateis the last conditional block of code; this is a non-deterministic conditionalstructure. Each case is evaluated line by line, and when (justlike in the code) a condition is met the applicable statements are executedsuch as finding an employees federal taxes for a company. The iterativestructures posttest, in-test, and fixed count can be performed using theperform keyword in COBOL. The example above displays the posttest. The loop is performed then power-value is tested against field-2; ifpower-value is greater than field-2 then the loop is broken. COBOLis a competitive language, but it is lengthy when writing. Then conditionaland iterative structures are easy to use but require much time during theplanning phase of writing a program. Scheme is the last and most unusualprogramming language of this paper. Scheme can implement both conditionaland iterative structures, but the syntax of scheme is totally differentfrom C++, Java, Pascal, Qbasic, or COBOL. The Scheme programminglanguage is designed in a recursive manner. All Scheme programs arerecursive and are actually iterative because the program iterates overand over again. The recursive nature of Scheme is not however aniterative structure. The conditional structures of Scheme us suchkeywords as if, else, case, and cond. The iterative structure ofScheme seems to only be seen with the keywords loop or do. Schemeconditional and iterative structures are seen below. (if ( n 0)(case (+ x y)(- 1 n))((1 3 5 7 9) odd)((02 4 6 8) even)-(cond (loop(eqv? msg empty?)(if (= n 0) (break ls))(eqv? msg push!) (set!ls (cons a ls))(else oops))(set! n (- n 1)))-(cond (do(( i 2 (+ i 1)))( x 0)((= i n))( x 0)The syntax of the if block looks very differentfrom any other languages in this paper, but it behaves in a similar fashionto other simple conditional structures. The if statement states thatif n is less than zero then subtract one from n. The cond withthe else is a multi-alternative conditional structure. The firstline asks if the variable msg contains the string empty?. Thesecond line asks if the variable msg contains the string push!, andthe else line says if neither of the previous two lines are true printoops. The cond block on the bottom is a two-alternative conditionalstructure. The first condition is if x is less than zero, and thesecond condition is if x is greater than zero. The case block isanother multi-alternative conditional structure. If x plus y is equalto and odd number then odd is printed, and if x plus y is equal to aneven number then even is printed. The loop code is a pretest iterativestructure. n is tested against zero for equality. If theyare equal then the loop is stopped. The do block corresponds to theposttest iterative structure. The first line is executed until iis greater than or equal to n, but the condition is not tested untilthe first line is executed at least once. Scheme is an odd language,but once it is mastered is can accomplish any programming task set forth. Comparatively, the conditional and iterativestructures in all the languages previously mentioned are very similar toone another. All of the simple conditional structures even use thesame key word if. The conditionals in the languages all accomplishthe same tasks only some languages use different methods. The iterativestructures allow similar tasks to be completed by all languages as well. For the most part the iterative structures of all the languages use atleast the keyword do or perhaps while. The key words may varybut the function is all the same. The structures are used for iteration. The blocks of statements in the iterative loop must be performed time andtime again. C++ and Java are the most similar languages when theconditional and iterative structures are compared. The two languagesthat are the most dissimilar are COBOL and Scheme. COBOL is lengthywith a few control structures. Scheme is compact with many controlstructures. When comparing the control structures of C++, Java, Pascal,Qbasic, COBOL, and Scheme, no one language can be said to be better thanany of the others.

How To Make Your First AP English Essay Exciting

How To Make Your First AP English Essay ExcitingWhen you are writing your first AP English essay, you will be surprised to find out that there are many sample AP English essay questions. While it is impossible to write all of these questions, if you just want to refresh your memory, they can be a great way to see how AP English essay questions are worded and organized. The more samples you see, the easier it will be to pick up the structure of the format and the key points that are being covered.When you are first learning about writing essays, you might think there is no way to find these great resources. You may think that the time you spend thinking about essay topics is better spent on other activities. But, this is far from true.You might think that if you spend all day thinking about essay topics, you will never have any time to research the facts. After all, an essay is something that needs to be researched to be convincing. However, there are many essay topics that are easier to research than others. If you want to put your essay together with confidence, you need to do your research ahead of time.One of the first things you need to do when you begin thinking about essay topics is to create your topic outline. Your outline should include some essential information about the topic and the research you will be doing. Then, you should have a number of samples of essay questions that you will need to memorize in order to research them in advance. This will make it easier to choose the right question when you go to the test.The next most important component to keep in mind is the structure of the essay. When you are planning the topic, you will want to have an overall theme. You should then map out the actual content of the essay by breaking it down into smaller units that include all of the pieces you need to research for each topic.In addition to the sample AP English essay questions, you should also have a list of resources available to you. These will in clude basic research tools and reference materials. Having this information available to you at all times will make it easier to use them when you need them.Once you have a general idea of what you are going to write, you will want to break down the main body of the essay into smaller topics. You can then simply read through these pieces and write about the topics of each one. There is no real need to re-write anything that you already have in front of you, but it will help to practice writing each section independently before you turn it in.If you take a little time to look around, you will find many places where you can find sample AP English essay questions. You will also be able to find some great resources to help you organize and understand your writing. You will also be able to get some very helpful tips about organization and research so that you can create great essays.

The Grand Canyon Essays - Colorado Plateau, Grand Canyon

The Grand Canyon The Grand Canyon We decided, for our Science Project, that we would learn about the Grand Canyon and its layers. It is located in Arizona and is one of the greatest natural wonders of the world that is around eighteen miles wide and nearly 280 miles long. The width and depth of the Canyon vary from place to place. At the South Rim, near Grand Canyon Village, it's a vertical mile, which is about 5000 feet from rim to river. The width of the Canyon at Grand Canyon Village is 10 miles from rim to rim; though in places it is as much as 18 miles wide. Another way to look at the enormous size is by the time a trip takes. From the bottom of the Canyon and back on foot is a two-day journey. Rim-to-rim hikers generally take three days one-way to get from the North Rim to the South Rim. A trip through Grand Canyon by raft can take two weeks or longer and experienced backpackers have spent weeks in the more remote areas of the Canyon. In 1975 the park was nearly doubled in size by the inclusion of Grand Canyon National Monument and Marble Canyon National Monument and portions of Glen Canyon and Lake Mead national recreation areas. The effects of tourism and federal water management policies led the government to take steps to protect the canyon's environment during the 1990s. In March 1996 a controlled flood through Glen Canyon Dam was generated as a way to re-create natural spring flooding through the canyon. The results of this led to a new water-management plan. This plan incorporates flooding to restore the canyon's natural ecosystems, which had been changed by the construction of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963. In 1997 the government restricted small planes and helicopters from flying over the canyon and was considering other ways to limit the effects of tourism on the park. The sites of the park are incredible with its beauty and mystery. One of the main attractions is the Colorado River, which is about 242,000 square miles of land ranging from the states of Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California. From here, at an altitude of 9,010 feet, the Colorado begins it's flow southwestward toward the Gulf o f California and the Pacific Ocean. By the time the river enters the Grand Canyon, at Lee's ferry, its altitude has fallen to 3,110 feet, dropping over one mile since its beginning. The river will drop another 2,200 feet before it reaches the other end of the Grand Canyon, the Grand Wash Cliffs 277 miles away. The park itself includes over a million acres of land 1,218,375.54 acres. The Grand Canyon has been sculpted in general by the downward cutting of the Colorado River, which flows through the canyon's lowest portions. Other factors have also played a part. The Kaibab Plateau, which forms the northern rim of the canyon, is about 1200 ft higher than the Coconino Plateau, which forms the southern rim. Water from the northern side has flowed into the canyon, forming tributary valleys, while the streams of the southern plateau flow away in a southerly direction without carving valleys in the canyon walls. The underlying rock beds also have a southwestern slant, with the result that groundwater from the north finds its way into the canyon, but water from the south does not. In the entire canyon region, jointing and faulting has broken the rocks, and fractures in the rocks resulting from these processes have contributed to the rapid erosion of the gorge. Being named a national monument in 1906 by Theodore Roosevelt first protected this park. A famous quote by Roosevelt was he proclaimed it to be ?the most impressive piece of scenery I have ever looked at?. Congress named it a National Park in 1919. Back in 1869, when Major John Wesley Powell led the first expedition through Grand Canyon, he used wooden boats. Although they were not a very good design, they worked, and for seventy years, those who followed Powell's route experimented with different designs and techniques, refining to a science the art of rowing wooden boats in whitewater. The extreme variations in elevation from the depths of

Top Ten Confused Words [C-D]

Top Ten Confused Words [C-D] Top Ten Confused Words [C-D] Top Ten Confused Words [C-D] By Maeve Maddox The words in the following list represent misunderstanding of the words’ meanings and not simply an inability to spell them correctly. This post covers words starting with the letters c and d (the a-b list is here). 1. canvas / canvass The OED and M-W both show the spelling canvas as a variant spelling of the verb †to canvass,† but Chicago, AP, and Paul Brians (Common Errors in English Usage) all agree that the verb meaning â€Å"to survey† is spelled with a double s. The spelling canvas is a noun signifying a heavy cloth. 2. clench / clinch Although both words share their origin, in modern usage they are not interchangeable. You clench your fist or teeth, but clinch a deal or a victory. In boxing, â€Å"to clinch† means â€Å"to grapple at close quarters.† As a noun, clinch is used colloquially to mean â€Å"an embrace.† 3. compliment / complement Both words may be used as either nouns or verbs. A compliment is a praising remark; a complement is something that enhances or completes. â€Å"To compliment† is to praise†; â€Å"to complement† is â€Å"to complete.† 4. conscience / conscious Conscience is a noun that refers to the sense of right and wrong in an individual. Conscious is an adjective that means â€Å"aware of.† 5. corporal / corporeal Both words are adjectives that mean â€Å"of the body,† but in modern usage corporeal is used in philosophical or theological discussions in which the animal body is compared to the spirit. For ordinary references to the body, corporal is the usual word. For example, one might refer to â€Å"the corporeal existence of Jesus,† but to â€Å"corporal punishment.† 6. denote / connote â€Å"To denote† means â€Å"to indicate.† â€Å"To connote† means â€Å"to imply or suggest.† A squiggly red line under a word in a corrected essay denotes a misspelled word. Words like Mother and home connote warmth and comfort. 7. deserts / desserts In the idiom â€Å"to get one’s just deserts,† the word deserts is often misspelled as desserts. For other uses and pronunciations of desert and dessert, see this post: Just Deserts vs Just Desserts. 8. discrepancy / disparity A discrepancy is an inconsistency, for example, a discrepancy between a person’s date of birth might exist between different sources. A disparity is a lack of equality. A common topic of concern is the disparity between the earnings of men and women. 9. disinterested / uninterested Although the distinction is ignored by many speakers, style guides advise that uninterested should be used to describe mere lack of interest, whereas disinterested should be reserved for use in the context of neutrality. For example, some students are uninterested in schoolwork, whereas a third-party mediator is disinterested in the dispute being arbitrated. 10. discreet / discrete Discreet means judicious or circumspect. A discreet friend can be trusted not to tell all he knows about your private affairs. Discrete means â€Å"distinct, separate, not connected.† It’s the opposite of continuous. Charles Dickens published his novels in discrete parts that could later be fused as an uninterrupted whole. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph ExamplesCannot or Can Not?Plurals of Proper Names

Performance management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Performance management - Essay Example Impact of organizational culture however depends on its pervasiveness within an organization whether it is widespread, or shared among the members of the group. 2. Can the culture of an organization be changed to increase performance?   To better answer, culture must be first placed in proper perspective of what it is really all about and what it does so that any attempt to determine whether culture can be changed to increase performance will be properly grounded. Culture, is the shared philosophies, ideologies, values, assumptions, beliefs, expectations, attitude, and norms that knit a community together. All of these interrelated psychological qualities reveal a groups agreement, implicit or explicit, on how to approach decisions and problems: â€Å"the ways things are done around here.† (Kilmann, 1986). Culture is manifest in behavioral norms, hidden assumptions, and human nature, each occurring at a different level of depth. â€Å"At its deepest level, culture is the co llective manifestation of human nature – the collection of human dynamics, wants, motives and desires that make a group of people unique† (Kilmann, 1986). Culture is the behavior and mindset that animates the organization to stay in a competitive environment. ... And â€Å"whether a given culture can be changed depends on how deep-seated the culture is and whether multiple culture exist. The deeper the level at which culture change is required and the more cultures there are in the organization, the more difficult and time consuming the culture change process. When culture change involves changing surface-level behavioral norms, it can occur with relative ease because members can articulate what behaviors are required for success today in contrast to those required yesterday. In addition, closing the gap between actual and desire norm is easier if the desired norms are essentially the same throughout the organization – if the environment is homogenous. Even when multiple cultures exist, requiring different changes in each work group, change is still easier to effect when the focus of culture change is on behavioral norms rather than hidden assumptions or hidden nature (Kilmann, 1986). 3. As a senior leader in an organization what can you do to change the culture and in turn increase performance of the business?   As a senior leader in an organization, culture can be changed on a top down when â€Å"one single corporate culture exists (and those at the top thus could be accurate in their view of their desired culture) and if the focus is on changing norms and not assumptions. â€Å"This is however may be difficult to sustain, even though such changes may be easy to bring about; top-down approaches generally result in overt compliance to what is mandated, not covert acceptance† (Kilmann, 1986) So that, a participative approaches to changing underlying assumptions, although difficult and time-consuming to

Anth2 Final Exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anth2 Final Exam - Assignment Example Intimate relations of close family members or incest are usually regarded as a taboo which may be disastrous. 5. Family status influences gender role in that the conduct of single and married people is different. Ethnic culture is another factor that affects gender roles whereby certain ethnic backgrounds may be passive than others and vice versa. 7. Leadership in tribes is uncentralized due to lack or very little forms of stratification. In case stratification is present, the leadership in place determines its level. On the other hand, chiefdoms are centralized with highly regarded and exalted leaders. Therefore, the leader has more control over subjects in his domain more than at the tribe level. 8. Formal means of social regulation or control refers to the external undertakings by civil authority to deter development or establishment of anomie within the society. On the contrary, the informal means alludes to socialization which causes internalization of values that impart morally accepted behaviors within the society. 9. Both these rites have great importance attached to them because they usually bring the community closer when they are being undertaken. In this regards, they serve a means of improving relationships among people and creating harmony within a community. 10. One way in which religion and magic are similar is use of rituals. Rituals are actions or undertakings which are accompanied by vague chanting. Secondly, these two also have unique symbols that are both mystical and spiritual. These symbols are routinely used during the time of rituals. Besides, these two also believe in the contagion principle where there is continued connection and communication between two objects that had been in contact and are separated. 11. One of the functions of revitalization cults is to deliver the followers from deprivation which is political in nature. This is important for amelioration

Question Conservation of Energy Essay Example for Free

Question Conservation of Energy Essay Missy Diwater, the former platform diver for the Ringling Brothers Circus had a kinetic energy of 15 000 J just prior to hitting the bucket of water. If Missys mass is 50 kg, then what is her speed? Solution: According to energy conservation, the kinetic energy at the bottom of the dive (15,000J) is equal to her gravitational potential energy before the dive. We can use this fact to find her dive height: PE = mgh h = PE/mg = 15,000J / (50kg)(9. 81m/s? ) 31m (rounded) Her speed can also be found from energy conseration: E(final) = E(initial) 0. 5mv? = mgh v = v[2gh] = v[2(9. 81m/s? )(31m) = 25m/s 2. A 750-kg compact car moving at 100 km/hr has approximately 290 000 Joules of kinetic energy. What is the kinetic energy of the same car if it is moving at 50 km/hr? Solution: KE =v^ 2 (Kinetic Energy = speed ^2 If the speed is reduce by a factor of 2 (as in form 100 km/hr) then the KE will reduce by a factor 4. Thus,the new KE = 290 000 J / 4 KE = 72 500 J 3. A cart is loaded with a brick and pulled at constant speed along an inclined plane of an angle of 30o to the height of a seat-top. If the mass of the loaded cart is 3. 0 kg and the inclined distance of the seat top is 0. 45 meters, then what is the potential energy of the loaded cart at the height of the seat-top? Solution : PE = mgh PE = 3 kg x 10 m/s/s x 0. 45m PE = 13. 5 J 4. A 75kg trampoline artist jumps vertically downward from the top of a platform with a speed of 5m/s. How fast is he going as he lands on the trampoline 2m below? If the trampoline behaves like a spring of spring constant 5. 2E104 N/m, how far does he depress it? Soluiton : a) s = 1/2(u+v)t 2. 0m = 0. 5 * 5m/s * t 2. 0m = 10 * t t = 2. 0m/20 t = 0. 1s b) Hookes Law states F=kx x is the displacement of the spring (depression) F = Restoring force k = spring constant Rearrange. x = F/k What is the force upon hitting the trampoline? We have the mass so lets work out the acceleration. Acceleration = velocity/time Acceleration = 5/0. 1 = 50m/s^2 F=ma F = 75*50 = 3750N Substitute into Hookes Law x = 3750/(5. 2*10^4N-m) = 0. 072m of depression