Washington and Lee University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores

Washington and Lee University is a private liberal arts school with an acceptance rate of 21%. Founded in 1746, Washington and Lee has a rich history. The university was endowed by George Washington in 1796, and Robert E. Lee was president of the university immediately after the Civil War. Located in historic Lexington, Virginia, Washington and Lees campus is among the nations most attractive. Academics are strong at Washington and Lee—the school has a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa for excellence in the liberal arts and sciences, and it typically ranks among the top 25  liberal arts colleges  in the country. Considering applying to Washington and Lee University? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Washington and Lee had an acceptance rate of 21%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 21 students were admitted, making Washington and Lees admissions process highly competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 5,855 Percent Admitted 21% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 38% SAT Scores and Requirements Washington and Lee University requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 45% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 670 730 Math 680 760 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Washington and Lees admitted students fall within the top 20% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Washington and Lee scored between 670 and 730, while 25% scored below 670 and 25% scored above 730. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 680 and 760, while 25% scored below 680 and 25% scored above 760. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1490 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Washington and Lee. Requirements Washington and Lee does not require the SAT writing section or SAT Subject tests. Note that Washington and Lee participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. ACT Scores and Requirements Washington and Lee requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 55% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 33 35 Math 28 33 Composite 31 34 This admissions data tells us that most of Washington and Lees admitted students fall within the top 5% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Washington and Lee received a composite ACT score between 31 and 34, while 25% scored above 34 and 25% scored below 31. Requirements Washington and Lee does not require the ACT writing section. Unlike many schools, Washington and Lee University superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. GPA Washington and Lee does not provide data about admitted students high school GPAs. However, admissions data indicates that in 2018 eighty-three percent of admitted students ranked in the top ten percent of their high school class. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Washington and Lee University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Washington and Lee University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Washington and Lee University has a highly competitive admissions pool with a low acceptance rate and high SAT/ACT scores. However, Washington and Lee has a holistic admissions process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. A strong application essay and glowing letters of recommendation can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful extracurricular activities and a rigorous course schedule. Applicants who are considering Washington and Lee should note that while not required, the university strongly recommends that prospective students participate in an optional college interview. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their test scores are outside of Washington and Lees average range. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. You can see that nearly all students who got in had A averages. They also tended to have combined SAT scores above 1300, and ACT composite scores of 29 or higher. Your chances are best if you have a 4.0 unweighted GPA and an SAT score over 1400. If You Like Washington and Lee University, You May Also Like These Schools Bowdoin CollegeDuke UniversityGeorgetown UniversityBrown UniversityUniversity of ChicagoHaverford CollegeWesleyan UniversityGeorge Washington University All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Washington and Lee University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Essay about Gender Based Stereotype in the Media - 1723 Words

Introduction The media plays an extremely important and arguably the most powerful role in shaping the perception individuals and members of the public holds towards themselves and their surroundings. This therefore makes it extremely difficult for one to maintain his/her unique self identity or perception of others without the influence of the media. People will define themselves and others based on the messages insinuated by the media. The problem hence emerges when the media insinuate the wrong and negative messages, consequently leading to unwarranted stereotypes. Particularly, the media can lead to gender based stereotypes when to communicate the wrong type of messages (Wood 31). On the contrary, there are certain scholars who†¦show more content†¦Doing so is a great disservice to member of the society since it is highly likely to create an environment that is conducive to one gender and deeming to the other; in most cases, men as oppose to women are usually favored by gender based stereotypes in the media (Tozer at al., 420). Feminism Stereotypes The reason why gender based media stereotype appears to favor one gender is because the media tend to be biased against the group that society considers to be the minority. Of course it might be representing what is happening in the society, whereby the majority group is viewed positively as opposed to the minority one. However, as earlier hinted, this is irresponsible of the media since it should be using its powers to promote positive behavior in society. All in all, it doesn’t do so. 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Stereotyping is prevalent in popular television shows, music videos, the workforce and various other advertisement billboards in the U.S. It is difficult to oppose the stereotypi cal behavior that is displayed in the media that supposedlyRead MoreWomen s Representation Of Women994 Words   |  4 Pagesmisconception of females’ level of intelligence, the media continues to support the minoritization of females. Students must realize that to change how society perceives women, students are the ones that need to take action. A way to target the issue of women representation is by using some of the most powerful platforms in modern day such as, advertisements, films, and magazines. Having students focus on changing the demeaning aspect of women in the media, students should join the #NotBuyingIt campaignRead MoreGender And Technology Has Become A Important Factor Within Today s Society1560 Words   |  7 PagesGender and technology has become a very important factor within today’s society, as it reflects upon the overlaps between gender, digital technologies and democracy. Technology has presented both genders in provocative ways that tends to l ead to sexual harassment and then for political action to end gender based violence. This then becomes essential and fundamental to the working of and towards a healthy democracy. The term Cyberfeminism has been developed throughout the previous years as feministsRead MoreGender Stereotypes In The Media1207 Words   |  5 Pages Gender Stereotypes are everywhere in the world. This paper will focus on the formation of Gender stereotypes through different media sources. The media sources that will be used include television shows, movies and magazines. Thus the paper will also explore the effect that gender stereotyping may have on development of a person’s social and individual identity. There were many different media sources that I used to see where Gender Stereotypes were predominant. First of all I reviewed different

Things Fall Apart Biblical Style Essay - 1407 Words

Chinua Achebe in his novel, Things Fall Apart, writes in a way that Erich Auerbach would describe as biblical style. Biblical style involves suspense, biblical allusions, the ambiguity of purpose, and gaps leading to interpretation. Achebe uses this biblical style to focus on the downfall of Okonkwo, the main character. One passage that exemplifies this biblical style is in Part One with Okonkwo in the sacrifice of his adopted son, Ikemefuna. Okonkwo kills Ikemefuna out of fear of what the other men in his clan will think if he doesn’t kill his adopted son. The village wants sacrifice Ikemefuna to fulfill the promises of their god, the Oracle because Ikemefuna was exchanged from another village to keep the peace. The village elders tell†¦show more content†¦This unexpected shift in Okonkwo’s behavior and leads the reader and to question what Okonkwo will do with this conflict. Will Okonkwo demonstrate his strengths and slay his adopted son or will he save Ikemefuna from getting killed? This relates to what Biblical style brings according to Erich Auerbach, as we see suspense on what Okonkwo will do with the situation of choosing either tradition or family. Language and details of this passage echo references to the biblical accounts of Abraham and Isaac. By cutting down his son in the face of fear with a machete, we see that Okonkwo is looking to preserve his faith in his culture by adhering to tradition. From this passage, we already see allusions to the binding of Isaac from the Bible. Both stories show a strong relationship between father and son. Like Okonkwo wanting to stick to values, Abraham wants to keep God’s promise of multiple descendants in exchange for loyalty. Abraham puts God’s commandments above his personal feelings and almost sacrifices his son until he is stopped by an angel. Okonkwo looks to show loyalty to the village and preserve tradition by sacrificing his adopted son. Okonkwo, unlike Abraham, actually kills his son. Although they both have their differences the sacrifice of Ikemefuna definitely alludes to the biblical story of Abraham and Isaac. We see Achebe switch to the perspective of Nwoye after the sacrifice of Ikemefuna. This switch givesShow MoreRelatedcompare and contrast aphra Bhens Oroonoko the royal slave and candide, or optimism1618 Words   |  7 PagesWRITE AN ESSAY OF 1,500 WORDS IN WHICH YOU COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE TWO PASSAGES BELOW, TAKEN FROM BEHNS _OROONOKO_ OR THE ROYAL SLAVE AND VOLTAIRES _CANDIDE_, OR OPTIMISM. IN YOUR DISCUSSION PAY PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO THE WAYS IN WHICH THE CONTEXTS OF EUROPEAN COLONISATION AND EXPLORATION INFORM THE TWO PASSAGES. Aphra Bhen was a prolific female playwright and author during the restoration period of English history. Bhen herself stood by the power of the monarchy. Her book _Oroonoko_Read MoreWhat Challenges Face Descriptions Of God1568 Words   |  7 Pagesface descriptions of God, according to Augustine in Confessions and De Trinitate? 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Brusov Theme: Idioms in newspaper style Faculty of foreign languages 3th coarse, 4th group Student: Grigoryan Victoria Supervisor: Nina Mnatsakanyan Yerevan 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Chapter 1: Idiom, general characteristics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..5 Chapter 2: Newspaper style †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.†¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.23 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦25 INTRODUCTION TodayRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises Critical Essay3893 Words   |  16 PagesSun Also Rises, Mark Spilka finds a similarly negative meaning in the novel. 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Cultural Diversity in ABC Australian Company - 618 Words

The ABC embraces Australia’s cultural diversity as seen through the radio, television and digital content it produces and through the workforce. The ABC offers careers in a range of fields all around Australia and also provides its employees with suitable training, support and career development opportunities. With the ABC striving to be an accepting and diverse organisation that follows The Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1987 there are many opportunities for people to gain experience and to develop a career in the ABC. The ABC has a friendly and positive environment that is always open and welcoming; this allows for employees to experience an enjoyable work environment and strive to work to the best of their abilities. The ABC ensures that their employees work acceptable hours and receive fair and honest pay and treatment. The ABC also doesn’t discriminate based on gender. In fact, women have a higher employment rate than men with 50.9% of the workforce being fema le. 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Examine the Significance of Blank Spaces in Conrads...

True, by this time it was not a blank space any more Â… it had become a place of darkness. (Heart of Darkness) Examine the significance of ‘blank spaces in THREE novels of the 19th and/or early 20th centuries. The ellipsis in the titular quote refers to an important omission: it [the blank space] had got filled since my boyhood with rivers and lakes and names. It had ceased to be a blank space of delightful mystery Ââ€" a white patch for a boy to dream gloriously over.1 Conrads Marlow highlights the major significance of the ‘blank space at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries here - that of ignorance, but a challenging ignorance; a temptation to the empirical enthusiasts of the Victorian era and beyond. 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Sustainability and International Cooperate Citizenship - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability and International Cooperate Citizenship. Answer: Introduction Pure Organic Food and Juice Bar was established in May 2010 by Jacqueline Graham and Samuel Buob (Valente Graham, 2012). In the business they incorporated the business strategy With mission to provide exceptional nutritious as well as delicious food while growing their business in sustainable and ethical manner. This organization was created on the following basis: founders personal and professional interest and values for healthy lifestyle, increase in the market awareness and demand for raw and organic cuisine (Ashraf, Ahmad, Nafees, Yousaf Ahmad, 2016). Additionally, on the need to educate and at the same time transfer learning to wider clientele base on benefits of healthy living. Nevertheless, many ventures in the business are faced with both internal and the external forces that acts for and against the strategy of the business. Define the problems facing pure The problem the organization is facing is adapting its business strategy in order to increase on the profitability in low-margin restaurant industry without necessarily compromising on their product offerings as well as sustainable practices in the business (Benn, Dunphy Griffiths, 2014). In order to offer recommendation on the possible approaches in addressing the problem there is a thorough examination of organic raw, as well as vegan market, and challenges along with internal and Analyze the case data Challenges facing pure organization External pressures These are the market challenges which the organization is facing these are as follows; Loose regulation In the organic industry it has received some critism when it comes to the regulation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture certified program only allowed up five percent of the product to contain the non-organic ingredients (Feldmann Hamm, 2015). The Canadian government had established on the organic product regulation, which was a mandatory certification process aimed to protect the consumers from misleading labeling, consumer confusion and the support to the domestic organic market (Valente Graham, 2012). There is a lot of skepticism on the part of the consumer which has remained high. Attracting mainstream There were various challenges to attract the mainstream population. Some individuals were unaware of the healthy living, they did not know how to replace these kinds of foods as well as maintain their current nutrient intake (Ashraf, Ahmad, Nafees, Yousaf Ahmad, 2016). Another, challenge was that the consumers were attracted to the convenient affordable food. Moreover, there was on the issue of taste which was an important criteria which pertain to the choice of food (Valente Graham, 2012). Internal size up This challenge pertain the strategy, performance and the capabilities of the organization. (Valente Graham, 2012). On the strategy the organization has a challenge of adapting the business strategy of increasing on the profitability especially in the low-margin restaurant sector without compromising on the quality of the product they are provide and maintaining on the practices of the business (Ravindran Jaiswal, 2016). The organization was previously performing well especially on their healthy food which attracted many customer, particularly during the peak summer season. Nonetheless, there was growing costs which were impeding on their profitability (Santhoshkumar, Reddy Sangwan, 2017). The issue was on their business model which was not favoring them and they did not have the capabilities to expand to the other markets. Goals and objectives of Graham and Buobo They aimed at providing the customer with the health benefit of raw, vegan and organic foods (Valente Graham, 2012). Offer exceptionally nutritious as well as delicious food while growing their business in sustainable and ethical manner (Feldmann Hamm, 2015). Build capitalize on the growing market demand for the raw, organic and vegan cuisine Utilize their restaurant as the vehicle of educating consumers on benefits of healthy living (Valente Graham, 2012). Pure competitive market Pure market was very competitive. In the Blue Mountain Resort there was new resort caf regarded as Royal Majesty Espresso Bar Bakery which provided the biggest competition to Pure since they served lattes, loose-leaf organic teas along with soups, sandwiches and the salads (Valente Graham, 2012). Additionally, these restaurants were all open to the locals and this eroded the consumer base of pure restaurant (Steffen, 2018). At Downtown Collingwood there were also variety of cafes sit down as well as fast food restaurant that competed also with pure and they offered fresh lunches and gourmet dinners. The sit-down restaurant for example Kelseys, Pizza Pizza as well as East Side Marios they were also trying to tap to the health trend through the menu they offered weekend visitor s(Ashraf, Ahmad, Nafees, Yousaf Ahmad, 2016). Thus, such competition seemed it was stiff for pure organization and they needed to change of their business model they adapted previously to enable them compete w ith these restaurants (Valente Graham, 2012). Pures current strategy The current strategy used the organization is to capitalize on growing market demand for the raw, organic, vegan cuisine. They also focus on gourmet healthy food which has helped them to attract many clients (Schaper, 2016). They were also utilizing promotional strategies which would enable them to reach and educate the mainstream consumer the benefit to health living. On the aspect of creating value to the customer, the organization educates them on the benefit of healthy living. The organization also provided consultation and cooking classes to many customers who had inquired about them (Benn, Dunphy Griffiths, 2014). On the aspect of differentiating at pure the consumer enjoyed gourmet cuisine for example the warm meals, wraps and salad. They offered pressed juices, elixirs and smoothies which other restaurant did not provide (Meas, Hu, Batte, Woods Ernst, 2014). The amazing thing with pure all their food were free of the refined sugars, meat, gluten or the dairy products. All the dishes which were prepared in the restaurant were one hundred percent certified of the organic ingredients even with the ketchup (Meas, Hu, Batte, Woods Ernst, 2014). Another differentiating aspect is that they offered a small retail selection of the organic foods, books and supplements to the consumers. Generate alternatives Strategic alternative available to pure Price focus: This is a market niche strategy where an organization competes on the cost. In the case of pure organization was growing costs which were impeding their profitability (Benn, Dunphy Griffiths, 2014). On this aspect they needed to evaluate their business model to increase on the profit. The use of this strategy targets the organization need to have a low-cost structure compared to the rivals (Mariano, Velasco, Locading Jr Fernandez, 2016). Since the organization wants to venture in the new niche market they could pursue this strategy. In the case of Pure it is also visible that there is differentiated customer segment with some of the rival restaurant providing non-organic products (Valente Graham, 2012). Adjacent businesses: In this strategy it involves entry to the niche area where pure core business would be to operate at their full or even near their full potential and be able to generate surplus cash (Benn, Dunphy Griffiths, 2014). They need to focus on the current customer preference to be able to seek growth opportunities for the business. Based on the case study Graham needs to focus on their existing customer and not exclude them eating healthy (Goetzke, Nitzko Spiller, 2014). Since most of their customers were weekend and the summer residents who participated in the local ski and hiking activities they need to focus more on them and provide products which they want. Criteria to Evaluate alternatives Pure organization need to utilize decision criteria in making choice between the alternative strategy they will utilize and incorporate in their business model to enable them compete efficiently in this market segment (Crane Matten, 2016). These criteria should be measurable and should be within the scope of the issue that the organization is trying to solve. Based on the problem that is affecting the organization there are some measurable characteristics to enable them choice the correct decision (Kolk, 2016). One is on the cost; the organization needs to compare the two strategic alternatives and identify on the cost of each when implementing it. Another element is the increase in the customer satisfaction (Goetzke, Nitzko Spiller, 2014). The main aim of the organization is focused on providing the customers with the best experience they ever had and this is ensuring that the products satisfy their wants. Therefore, on the two alternatives it is important to analyze which will bring more satisfaction to the customer and select it. Recommendations Based on the two alternatives is the adjacent business. This strategy overall benefit advocate the business needs to focus the current customer preferences to seek growth opportunities (Crane Matten, 2016). It also highlights that when making adjacency move, they need to develop new distribution channels (Valente Graham, 2012). The current customer should be the main focus since when they get best services and experience in the food they eat they could refer their friend on the experience they have had (Goetzke, Nitzko Spiller, 2014). They should also an extensive promotional strategy better than the previous they had previously. In any business when you have regular company, it is because you are offering them their preferences and with time they could easily refer others to the restaurant when they get to hear the good things that are happening. Expected outcomes It is expected that when the organization implement this strategy in their business model, there would be an increase in the number of the customer in the long run (Crane Matten, 2016). This strategy is like peer-to-peer marketing whereby you provide some with best service and in return they refer their friend due to the quality, customer service or satisfaction of that product (Crane Matten, 2016). This strategy would be effective in the long run and Pure would enjoy an increase in the number of customers. References Ashraf, I., Ahmad, I., Nafees, M., Yousaf, M. M., Ahmad, B. (2016). A review on organic farming for sustainable agricultural production. Pure and Applied Biology. Benn, S., Dunphy, D., Griffiths, A. (2014). Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016). Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Feldmann, C., Hamm, U. (2015). Consumers perceptions and preferences for local food: A review. Food Quality and Preference, 40, 152-164. Goetzke, B., Nitzko, S., Spiller, A. (2014). Consumption of organic and functional food. A matter of well-being and health?. Appetite, 77, 96-105. Kolk, A. (2016). The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development. Journal of World Business, 51(1), 23- 34. Mariano, M. F. G., Velasco, A. D., Locading Jr, O. H., Fernandez, L. M. A. (2016). Market Study on Organic-Based Rice and Vegetables in the Province of Tarlac. Philippine Journal of Arts, Sciences Technology, 1(1), 62-71. Meas, T., Hu, W., Batte, M. T., Woods, T. A., Ernst, S. (2014). Substitutes or complements? Consumer preference for local and organic food attributes. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 97(4), 1044-1071. Ravindran, R., Jaiswal, A. K. (2016). Exploitation of food industry waste for high-value products. Trends in Biotechnology, 34(1), 58-69. Santhoshkumar, M., Reddy, G. C., Sangwan, P. S. (2017). A Review on Organic Farming- Sustainable Agriculture Development. Int. J. Pure App. Biosci, 5(4), 1277-1282. Schaper, M. (Ed.). (2016). Making ecopreneurs: developing sustainable entrepreneurship. CRC Press. Steffen, A. (2018). Exploring the Benefits of Employing Market Insights and Consumer Trends in Food Product Innovation: A Case Study from Germany. In Case Studies in the Traditional Food Sector (pp. 209-237). Valente, M., Graham, A. (2012). Pure organic food and Juice Bar Case study. Ivey Publishing.

Conditional And Iterative Data Types Essay Example For Students

Conditional And Iterative Data Types Essay Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter!ConditionalAnd Iterative Data TypesA programming language cannot bea programming language with out its conditional and iterative structures. Programming languages are built to accomplish the task of controlling computerinput and output. A programmer must use every tool available to completehis/her given tasks, and conditional as well as iterative statements arethe most basic items of programming which must be mastered. Manydifferent programming languages can demonstrate conditional and iterativestatements including C++, Java, Pascal, Qbasic, COBOL, and Scheme. Most of these languages implement conditional and iterative statementsin a similar fashion; however, there are a few differences. The conditional structure is easyto understand and self-defining. The whole statement is base on acondition and its veracity. When the statement or test is foundto be true, a statement is executed, and if it is false, another test isgiven or the program continues to the next block. Conditional structuresinclude the simple, two-alternative, multi-alternative, and non-deterministicconditional. The simple conditional is the easiest to understandbeing the IF-THEN statement. if Boolean expression thenblock of statementsIF a condition is met THEN execute a statement. The two-alternative conditional or IF-ELSE is also easy to understand. if Boolean expression thenblock of statementselseblock of statementsIF a condition is met execute a statement;ELSE the condition was not met so execute a different statement. The multi-alternative conditional is very close to the two-alternativeconditional. if condition-1 thenstatement-block-1elseif condition-2 thenstatement-block-2 elseif condition-n thenstatement-block-nend ifThe IF question is asked about a statement,and if it is not true, the next statement is examined. If statementnumber two is not true, the next statement is examined; then the next statementis examined and so forth until a condition is met, and the control is carriedout of the multi-alternative conditional. The non-deterministic conditionalis similar to the multi-alternative conditional, because it has multipleconditionals. if condition-1 #61614;statement-sequence-1when condition-2 #61614;statement-sequence-2 when condition-n #61614;statement-sequence-nend ifThe reason multi-alternative and non-deterministicconditionals are different, stems from the release of programs controlor flow. The non-deterministic conditional tests each statement tosee if its condition is met; whereas the multi-alternative conditionalonly tests statements until one of the conditions is met. After oneof the conditions is met, the multi-alternative conditional releases theprogram control and fails to check anymore statements. The iterative structure is a bitmore complicated than the conditional structure, but it is easy to understand. An iterative structure consists of a block of statements that are executedrepetitively. They might be executed once or a hundred times dependingon the controls placed on the structure. Iterative structures includenon-terminating, pretest, posttest, in-test, fixed-count, and non-deterministiciteration. The non-terminating iterative structure is not very common,because once it has program control, it does not release its control untilthe whole program is terminated. loop;sequence-of-statements;end loopOnce a non-terminating iterative structureis activated it continues to run forever. The pretest iterative structuretests a condition first, then if it is true, the following statements areexecuted repeatedly testing the statement each loop until thestatement is false. while ;condition; loop;sequence-of-statements;end loopOnce the statement is found to be false,control is returned to the program ending the pretest iterative statement. The posttest iterative statement is the same as the pretest statement exceptthe condition is tested after the sequence of statements. With theposttest iterative statement, the programmer is guaranteed to have thesequence of statements executed at least once. The statements areexecuted before the conditional statement has a chance to be tested. With the in-test iterative statement, the conditional statement is testedin the middle of the sequence of statements. It can be useful whenit is necessary to run a portion of the statement at least once regardlessof the outcome of the conditional. Fixed-count iteration is verypopular, because it allows a sequence of statements to be executed a finitenumber of times instead of relying on a condition to be true or false. The fixed-count iteration is simply do ;sequence-of-statements; x numberof times. The non-deterministic iterative statement is similar tothe non-deterministic conditional statement. dowhen ;condition-1; ;#61614;;statement-sequence-1;when ;condition-1; ;#61614;;statement-sequence-1; when ;condition-n; ;#61614;;statement-sequence-n;end doThe iterative statement executes untilnone of the conditions are found to be true. At that time, controlis release back to the program from the non-deterministic iterative statement. C++ has every type of control structurea programmer could ever need, and they are all easy to implement. The three types of condition statements include the if, if/else, and theswitch. The simple conditional is implemented through the if statement. The two-alternative conditional can be shown in C++ by using the if/elsestatements, and the multi-alternative can be demonstrated by using theswitch statement. When it come to iterative structures C++ uses thewhile, do while, and for statements. Pretest works closely with thewhile statement. Posttest uses C++s do while statement, and thefor statement is used in fixed count iteration. The code belowgives an example of each structure. if (x y)while (x y) {cout x;cout x;}if (x y)cout x;do {elsecout x;if (y x)} while (x y);cout y;for (int i=0; i 10; i++)switch (fruit)i = i + 1;case orange:cout yum;case banana:cout yummy;case apple:cout ooh yes;The simple conditional or if statementsimply asks if x is less than y and if it less than y x is printed to thescreen. The two-alternative/multi-alternative conditional using if/elseasks if x is less than y and if true prints x. If it is not lessthan y then it asks if y is less than x. If this is true y is printedto the screen. More statements can be added to this conditional tolengthen the multiple alternatives. Another multi-alternative conditionalinvolves the case statement. The variable fruit is measured againstorange. If fruit is orange the yum is printed. Next fruitis checked to see if it is banana. If so yummy is printed. Last apple is compared. Iterative statements start withthe while on the right. The pretest is initiated with the comparisonof x to y. If the statement is true the loop is started and lastsuntil x is greater than y. Post test is exemplified by the do while. It say print x then check to see if x is less than y. Next continuethe loop until x is greater than y. The for loop continues to addone to i until is not less than ten; the for loop demonstrates fixed countiteration. DRUG ABUSE in the United States of America, we, th EssayThe do/while loop is also a pretest iterative structure that checks theusers input before the loop starts. The do/until block is like ain-test iterative structure. It tests each line as it is processedto see if ans$ is equal to Y. When ans$ is equal to Y, theloop releases control back to the main program. Qbasic can be comparedto the previous three languages, but Qbasic seems to be less streamlinedbecause it has so many possible iterative structures. The same programscan be written in Java using only for or while loops. Now for the mighty programming languageCOBOL. COBOL is the older language with the ability to keep up withtodays fast paced programming tasks. COBOL is not very comparableto the previous four languages. Its is capable of performing thesame tasks with its conditional and iterative structures as C++, Java orany of the other languages, but COBOL has its own special way of performing. The syntax is quite different, but some of the key words are the same. Also, COBOL has considerably less iterative structures compared to Qbasic. COBOL has such conditional structures as if, if/else and evaluate/when. Iterative structures are best described in one word perform; the perform/untilis COBOLs definite solution to iteration. Exemplified by the followingcode , COBOLs conditional and iterative structures are easily understood. if operation = -subtract field-1 from field-2 givingresult-if operation = +add field-1 field-2 giving resultelseif operation = /divide field-1 by field-2 givingresult-evaluate taxable-wageswhen zero thru 200multiply taxable-wages by.15 giving federal-taxeswhen 200 thru 300multiply taxable-wages by.22 giving federal-taxesend-evaluate. performvarying power-value from 1 by 1until power-value field-2end-performThe example above lengthy for demonstratingonly four structures by COBOL is not designed to be easy to write; it isdesigned to crunch numbers. The if statement shows a simple conditional. If the question is evaluated to be true the subtraction is performed onthe two fields. The second block of code shows the use of if/elseor the two-alternative conditional. If the first condition is notmet the second condition is evaluated. If the second is found truedivision is performed on the two fields and an answer is given. Evaluateis the last conditional block of code; this is a non-deterministic conditionalstructure. Each case is evaluated line by line, and when (justlike in the code) a condition is met the applicable statements are executedsuch as finding an employees federal taxes for a company. The iterativestructures posttest, in-test, and fixed count can be performed using theperform keyword in COBOL. The example above displays the posttest. The loop is performed then power-value is tested against field-2; ifpower-value is greater than field-2 then the loop is broken. COBOLis a competitive language, but it is lengthy when writing. Then conditionaland iterative structures are easy to use but require much time during theplanning phase of writing a program. Scheme is the last and most unusualprogramming language of this paper. Scheme can implement both conditionaland iterative structures, but the syntax of scheme is totally differentfrom C++, Java, Pascal, Qbasic, or COBOL. The Scheme programminglanguage is designed in a recursive manner. All Scheme programs arerecursive and are actually iterative because the program iterates overand over again. The recursive nature of Scheme is not however aniterative structure. The conditional structures of Scheme us suchkeywords as if, else, case, and cond. The iterative structure ofScheme seems to only be seen with the keywords loop or do. Schemeconditional and iterative structures are seen below. (if ( n 0)(case (+ x y)(- 1 n))((1 3 5 7 9) odd)((02 4 6 8) even)-(cond (loop(eqv? msg empty?)(if (= n 0) (break ls))(eqv? msg push!) (set!ls (cons a ls))(else oops))(set! n (- n 1)))-(cond (do(( i 2 (+ i 1)))( x 0)((= i n))( x 0)The syntax of the if block looks very differentfrom any other languages in this paper, but it behaves in a similar fashionto other simple conditional structures. The if statement states thatif n is less than zero then subtract one from n. The cond withthe else is a multi-alternative conditional structure. The firstline asks if the variable msg contains the string empty?. Thesecond line asks if the variable msg contains the string push!, andthe else line says if neither of the previous two lines are true printoops. The cond block on the bottom is a two-alternative conditionalstructure. The first condition is if x is less than zero, and thesecond condition is if x is greater than zero. The case block isanother multi-alternative conditional structure. If x plus y is equalto and odd number then odd is printed, and if x plus y is equal to aneven number then even is printed. The loop code is a pretest iterativestructure. n is tested against zero for equality. If theyare equal then the loop is stopped. The do block corresponds to theposttest iterative structure. The first line is executed until iis greater than or equal to n, but the condition is not tested untilthe first line is executed at least once. Scheme is an odd language,but once it is mastered is can accomplish any programming task set forth. Comparatively, the conditional and iterativestructures in all the languages previously mentioned are very similar toone another. All of the simple conditional structures even use thesame key word if. The conditionals in the languages all accomplishthe same tasks only some languages use different methods. The iterativestructures allow similar tasks to be completed by all languages as well. For the most part the iterative structures of all the languages use atleast the keyword do or perhaps while. The key words may varybut the function is all the same. The structures are used for iteration. The blocks of statements in the iterative loop must be performed time andtime again. C++ and Java are the most similar languages when theconditional and iterative structures are compared. The two languagesthat are the most dissimilar are COBOL and Scheme. COBOL is lengthywith a few control structures. Scheme is compact with many controlstructures. When comparing the control structures of C++, Java, Pascal,Qbasic, COBOL, and Scheme, no one language can be said to be better thanany of the others.