Normal Boiling Point Definition (Chemistry)

Chapter 47 in Oliver Twist Essay - 1946 Words

Chapter 47 in Oliver Twist The opening paragraph of chapter 47 in Oliver Twist - Fatal Consequences sets the scene for the rest of the chapter. We are also given a detailed description of the character Fagin. Straight away this demonstrates to us one of the techniques Dickens uses in his books. Giving the chapter the title Fatal Consequences immediately gives the impression that something dark and evil is going to happen. He tends to do this quite a lot - throughout the chapter he hints to us, almost in riddle, what is going to happen. Dickens uses phrases such as the streets are silent to describe the place and time. This sets up and eerie, mysterious atmosphere creating a sense of†¦show more content†¦He uses adjectives such as distorted and hideous to give the reader the intended twisted image of what Fagin looks like. Fagin is again made to sound evil by Dickens by being compared to a phantom moist from the grave. This emphasises how bad he must look, either suggesting he looks like a ghost or someone that has come back from the dead. (Or possibly both!) Another way he could be described as inhuman is by Dickens describing his eyes as being red. It is quite unlikely this was Dickenss intention, but it could suggest he is like the devil. This would be even more of an insult to Fagin back in the time the book was written because people were much more religious and the devil would be regarded as a much stronger figure of evil as it is now. This isnt the only part of the chapter that Fagin is referred to as not being human. He is also described as being similar to an animal. We first notice this when Dickens speaks of Fagins long black nails and then soon after when he talks about his teeth which should have been a dogs or rats As well as the time Fagin is up making him sound evil, the way his home is described as a lair does this too. It could also sound like the place an animal would live - Dickens is constantly giving hints to the reader about how evil Fagin is and we continue to notice thisShow MoreRelatedThe Use of Language in Chapter 47 of Charles Dickens Oliver Twist1341 Words   |  6 Pageslanguage manipulate the reader’s sympathies in Chapter 47 of ‘Oliver Twist’? The novel ‘Oliver Twist’, written by Charles Dickens explores eighteenth century Britain and how the divide between classes affected society. Published in 1838, this fictional tale highlights the abuse and violence in 1800 Britain, venturing into the social and economical divide and focussing on the underclass, which at this time lived in harsh, squalor and awful conditions. Chapter 47 reveals the themes of criminality and schemingRead MoreTension, Anticipation, and Suspense in Oliver Twist Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens wrote ‘Oliver Twist’ between 1873 and 1839. Oliver Twist is Charles Dickens second novel. Oliver Twist began as a sketch; later on chapter by chapter it came on magazine and became a serial and eventually the whole novel was published. Charles Dickens childhood was terrible; he had to work in a factory for some months. The novel exposes a lot of Victorian attitudes which Dickens experienced as he was in poverty himself. Oliver Twist suffered for nine years in the baby farm treatedRead More Oliver Twist Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pages Charles Dickens wrote Oliver Twist, in 1883, to show the reader things as they really are. He felt that the novel should be a message of social reform. One of its purposes was to promote reform of the abuses in workhouses. In no way does Dickens create a dream world. His imagination puts together a bad place during a bad time; an English workhouse just after the Poor Law Act of 1834 (Scott-Kilvert, 48). In the first chapter of Oliver Twist, Dickens moves from comedy to pathos and from pathosRead MoreOrder In Disorder : Surrealism And Oliver Twist Analysis1110 Words   |  5 Pagesunconscious mind. While Breton and Freud are obvious contributors to the surrealist movement, Nancy West looks to explore the similarities of the surrealism and the works of Charles Dickens in in her article â€Å"Order in Disorder: Surrealism and Oliver Twist.† To begin, West notes that Dickens’ works incorporate vivid fantasy and realism that critics have described as surrealist in nature but were ultimately hesitant to expand the idea past the use of the word. Dickens’s style is dreamlike andRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesorganization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis. Like all good textbooks, the book is accessible, well researched and readers are encouraged to view chapters as a starting point for getting to grips with the field of organization theory. Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster University, UK McAuley et al. provide a highly readableRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesCross Reference of Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Concepts to Text Topics Chapter 1 Modern Project Management Chapter 8 Scheduling resources and cost 1.2 Project defined 1.3 Project management defined 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 2.1 The project life cycle (.2.3) App. G.1 The project manager App. G.7 Political and social environments F.1 Integration of project management processes [3.1] 6.5.2 Setting a schedule baseline [8.1.4] 6.5.3.1 Setting a resource schedule 6.5.2.4 ResourceRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pageswhich production costs can be minimal. When customers may suddenly cut Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum: The Power of Management Capitol 1. New Management for Business Growth in a Demanding Economy Text  © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 5 CHAPTER 1 NEW MANAGEMENT FOR BUSINESS GROWTH IN A DEMANDING ECONOMY 5 back on their purchases, the traditional emphasis on reducing variable costs to achieve profit maintenance is not likely to be very effective. The competitive necessity to maintainRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagespersonalities. TEACHING AIDS As in previous editions, you will find a plethora of teaching aids and discussion material within and at the end of each chapter. Some of these will be common to several cases, and illustrate that certain successful and unsuccessful practices are not unique. Information Boxes and Issue Boxes are included in each chapter to highlight relevant concepts and issues, or related information, and we are even testing Profile Boxes. Learning insights help students see how certainRead MoreIntroduction to Materials Management169665 Words   |  679 Pagesthe following: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ More content on Theory of Constraints (Chapter 6) More content on supply chains (Chapter 7) More content on lean production (Chapter 15) Content on the use of technology in purchasing and warehousing (Chapters 7, 12) †¢ The effect of global logistics and reverse logistics (Chapter 13) †¢ Six Sigma and QFD (Chapter 16) †¢ Small case studies at the end of several chapters †¢ PowerPoint slides to accompany all the chapters (an online resource for instructors) iii From the Library

Global Marketing Strategy of Apple Inc. Get Free Solution

Question: 1. Describe about the Apples global marketing strategies in terms of developing the competitive edge and sustainability strategies? 2. What should Tim Cook extrapolate, and why? 3. Please address John Tarpeys concerns? Answer: 1. In the globalised world, Apple Inc is one of the major telecommunication provider brand. Apple is offering their product users in obtaining best possible experience. Apple is empowering customers demands their innovative products and services. Apple Inc is facing intense challenge from the global competitors like Blackberry, Samsung, HP, Nokia, Microsoft, HTC, Lenovo and Motorola. Mainly Apple Inc is offering global customers with hardware, software, and peripherals regarding the telecommunication and computing devices via online shopping channels from the year 2010-11. The organisation is having high brand value (Apple.com, 2015). In addition, Apple Inc is offering post sales services and internet policies for the global customers. In addition, in the post-recessional market, people are looking for technological advantage for meeting daily actions and lifestyle related action strategies. Business strategy of Apple is emphasising on the design and features of operating systems tha t are used and self developed for mobile or cellular devices like I-Phone, I-Pad and many other Apple Mac Book by the year 2008-09. These are all Apples operative policies. On the contrary, Increasing IT market competition is limiting the share of the market. Therefore, marketing and advertising campaigns are required to be modified in terms of managing customers attraction and perception. Apple Inc is proving to have the capabilities of developing positive brand awareness among the global customers. The logo of Apple is playing a vital role in creating stronger demand of products in UK other global markets. Apple is incurring the annual advertising budget of more than $1 billion during the years of 2013 and 2014. They are promoting products rapidly to meet the competition from Samsung Electronics, Google, Microsoft, and Dell who are mainly the leader of IT industry (Apple.com, 2015). 2. Tim Cook being the CEO of Apple Inc must be aware of the market state as well as developing certain competitive strategies that will increase the rate of market share and profitability. In addition, he is supposed to manage the threat of Samsung Electronics, IBM, Dell, Google, HTC, Microsoft, Motorola, LG, Hewlett-Packard Company in terms of mobile or computing devices. Apart from this apple is also facing the challenge from the Lenovo, Sony, Blackberry, and many other regional organisations. Therefore, he must be employing proper policy of marketing and promotion in meeting the challenges from the market. However, he will face certain complexity of selecting viable channel in meeting the market attributes. Moreover, he will faces the complexity of image related problem that Steve Jobs have on the customers and after his death Tim Cook will face an uncertainty among the peoples. Therefore, he bmust be involving the brand value by producing more fault free Apple products. Tim Cook must be employing proper strategies in terms of managing threat of competitions, economical sustainability and managing technological development. Apple is facing intense level of competition that is hampering the growth in technology markets (Viju, Yeung Kerr, 2013). Tim Cook must be developing research and development related strategies to develop products as per customers demands and perception. In addition, products pricing strategies must be concentrating on the financial and purchasing power of the customers. Mainly, Apple is offering luxury products and marketing policy must be designed in obtaining feasible competitive proportion. However, market analysis is providing certain faulty reports in the products like iPod and Apple Mac operating systems. Therefore, CEO Tim Cook must be developing certain strategies to mitigate the faults and develop the products to attract customers more. Distribution policy of Apple must be developed in certain manner that they can reach more customers (Apple.com, 2015). 3. John Tarpey, senior financial analyst of Apple, has some serious concerns about the financial growth of company. Tarpey implemented a comprehensive analysis of the 2010 financial performance and strategic strategies of Apple Inc. He was concerned about how Apples performance continued to be outstanding, while the world and US economy was falt to negative. He soughed answers to the question that if Apple could sustain this high level of performance and major innovation. Tarpey noted that there were nine positive Increases versus three negative ones and that Apple need to take some solid steps to outweigh the negative effects of 2009 world-wide crisis. He was also concerned about the important supply as well as pricing risks of company while achieving an outstanding economical growth in even negative and flat fiscal conditions. After analyzing Apples most recent balance sheets and Income statements and integrating that information with his knowledge of the company, Tarpey was unsure if he should tell his customers to buy, hold, or sell Apples common stock. Apples stock price had done very well over the past few years and the company was still the leader of the industry and a solid performer. However, Tarpey had a number of concerns about the companys future. For example, how dependent was Apple on Steve Jobs and how long would it take for Apples competitors to catch up with the companys lead in product development and perhaps even surpass Apple? It is essential that Apple continue to grow to remain a strong competitor in the industry. Tarpey should advice shareholders to hold their current stocks. If company continues to grow, shareholders would Increase in value. Tarpey outlined concerns in the Zero based economy or the world-wide crisis faced by leading technology provider like Apple. He was also concerned about stakeholders. In addition, he is also concerned for index pricing risks of company while achieving an outstanding economical growth in even negative and flat fiscal conditions (Apple.com, 2015). It is essential that Apple continues to grow to remain a strong competitor in the industry. Tarpey is facing the complexity in terms of advising shareholders to hold or sell their current stocks. However, Apples continues to grow and accordingly shareholders can Increase the values of their stock (Apple.com, 2015). In addition, global sales of the apple products are reducing due to competition therefore stakeholders are confused regarding dividend payout and liquidity of the organisation. As well as Tarpey is concerned about the prospective fall in sales after death of Steve Jobs who is mainly the face or image of Apple group of companies. In addition, it is observed that the Apple is earning growth in the sales and profitability during the year 2008 to 2010 so Apple is able to cope up with financial crisis related challenges. References: Hoffmann, A. (2014). Zero-interest Rate Policy and Unintended Consequences in Emerging Markets. The World Economy, 37(10), pp.1367-1387. Viju, C., Yeung, M. Kerr, W. (2013). Zero Tolerance for GM Flax and the Rules of Trade. The World Economy, 37(1), pp.137-150. Moustafa H. A., Hitesh , J. A., et al. (2011), Apple Inc.: Performance in a Zero-Sum World Economy, General Issues in Strategic Management, 7(4), pp- 1-15. Apple.com, (2015). Apple (United Kingdom) - Apple Press Info. [online] Available at: https://www.apple.com/uk/pr/ [Accessed 13 Feb. 2015]. Apple.com, (2015). Apple (United Kingdom) - Apple Press Info - Apple Reports Fourth Quarter Results. [online] Available at: https://www.apple.com/uk/pr/library/2014/10/20Apple-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-Results.html [Accessed 13 Feb. 2015]. Apple.com, (2015). Apple (United Kingdom) - Apple Press Info - Product Images Info. [online] Available at: https://www.apple.com/uk/pr/products/ [Accessed 13 Feb. 2015]. Apple.com, (2015). Apple (United Kingdom) - Apple Press Info - App Store Sales Top $10 Billion in 2013. [online] Available at: https://www.apple.com/uk/pr/library/2014/01/07App-Store-Sales-Top-10-Billion-in-2013.html [Accessed 13 Feb. 2015].

Toxicology Paper on Mathew Selavka Essay Example

Toxicology Paper on Mathew Selavka Essay Speaker Paper (Dr. Carl Selavka) Dr. Carl Matthew Selavka is one of the world-renowned forensic toxicologists of today. Dr. Selavka has a strong background in biology, chemistry, and forensics, and illustrated that it would be very helpful in the field of forensic science. His background originated from Indiana University where he received his Bachelor of Arts double major in Chemistry and Forensic Science and at Northeastern University where he received a Master of Science in Forensic Chemistry in 1985 and his Doctor of Philosophy in Forensic Analytical Chemistry in 1987. Upon completing the ROTC program at Indiana, Dr. Selavka went to serve the US army. Upon serving, he attended graduate school and continued in education until he received his Doctoral at Northeastern before serving as an active duty member in the United States Army Medical Service Corps from 1987 to 1991. After serving a number of positions in the US Army medical service corps, Dr. Selavka began a career as Director of Forensic Operations at the National Medical Services, Inc. in Willow Grove, PA. One of the main duties he undertook included overseeing the Forensic Science Division of a private toxicology and criminalistics laboratory. We will write a custom essay sample on Toxicology Paper on Mathew Selavka specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Toxicology Paper on Mathew Selavka specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Toxicology Paper on Mathew Selavka specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In February 1994, Dr. Selavka was promoted to the Director of Criminalistics where he undertook the responsibility of all administrative aspects of the Criminalistics Department. During his position here, he oversaw many different cases where the quantitative and qualitative analysis of drugs found in things ranging from botanicals to IV bags was performed. In 1996, Dr. Selavka left this position to become a Director of Forensic Services at the New York State Division of Criminal Justice services in Albany, New York. In the two years he was there, he accomplished many things from directing the implementation and maintenance of the DNA databank for NY State convicted offenders to implementing centralized training for NYS forensic scientists. By the summer of 1998 Dr. Selavka had transitioned to Director of the Massachusetts State Police Crime Laboratory system in Sadbury Massachusetts. The State Police Crime Laboratories were engaged in all types of criminalistics analysis ranging from forensic DNA testing to toxicology to processing evidence from murder, rape and arson cases. Dr. Selavka was responsible for the State DNA Databank and Office of Alcohol Testing. After a nine year period working for the Massachusetts State police, Dr. Selavka left and became a Forensic Science Officer for the US Army Criminal Investigation lab in FT. Gillem Georgia for a year. He then worked as a Production services Manager for the US Air Force Drug Testing Laboratory in Brooks City-Base, San Antonio, Texas until April of last year. Dr. Selavka currently works as a Forensic Toxicologist for Avee Laboratories in Clearwater, Florida. He is also a Forensic Reporting Officer at Trimega Laboratories, Ltd. in London, UK; Cape Town, SA; Ulm, Germany, and a Consulting Forensic Scientist for the Department of Defense and Para-military organizations. Dr. Selavka’s presentation ranged on the many different aspects of Forensic Toxicology. The first part of his discussion centered on the types of drugs toxicologist are interested in. Drugs that were mentioned included benzodiazepines, depressants, opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, marijuana and alcohol. Dr. Selavka pointed out that Alcohol stands out from the other drugs as it is the largest contributing factor to vehicle related accidents as well as consequently deaths. Dr. Selavka also included regular toxicologist studies such as the testing for carbon monoxide, cyanide, inhalants, metals, pesticides and herbicides. Dr. Selavka throughout his discussion participated in numerous engaging interactions with the students, often of comedian value as he illustrated the quantitative and qualitative factors of the range of drugs he discussed about. He also shared that baby boomers used drugs, only now were they using expensive opioid pharmaceuticals that they got prescribed from their doctors. Dr. Selavka had numerously communicated that â€Å"the statistics don’t lie†. A major area that Dr. Selavka has also considerable experience is testing for compliance. He mentioned that any type of employment that are considered safety and security sensitive positions will require some type of bodily testing to detect the presence of illegal drugs. The most common type of testing is urine testing. Dr. Selavka also spent a great deal of time explaining in detail how drugs enter the system, what happens when they enter, and how they leave. He explained the importance of this in four steps of what he calls â€Å"The Average Man Theory†. This theory was similar to what we have been covering in class from chapter nine. The difference was that Richard Saferstein focused on the details of how alcohol is absorbed, distributed, and eliminated in the body, while Dr. Selavka explained in greater detail how alcohol and other drugs go through this process in a human body. Dr. Selavka also explained the importance of each step on how it relates to testing and its elimination in the human body. In His presentation, Dr. Selavka also discussed how during the absorption process of a drug enters the blood stream through skin, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract and is carried by simple diffusion via plasma, proteins, or red blood cells. Alcohol was discussed in great detail, given its major role in our society. and Dr. Selavka mentioned some interesting facts that has also been mentioned in our textbook regarding alcohol and its absorption. Richard Saferstein demonstrates in his text book how alcohol can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream at radically different speeds based on the total time taken the consume the drink and its alcohol content, the amount consumed, and the quantity and type of food present in the stomach while drinking. Dr. Selavka discussed this process in a very similar fashion. After explaining the processes of absorption, Dr. Selavka discussed the distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the alcohol content. Dr. Selavka used a chart in his presentation to communicate get detection windows of certain drugs and how long they last in the human body. This allowed easy comparisons and conclusions to be drawn from how long drugs stay in the human body and when to consider testing urine, oral fluid, breath, blood, sweat, and hair respectively. The information on a sweat patch testing was new to me and I found it incredibly fascinating all the while simplistically brilliant, or brilliantly simplistic. Dr. Selavka went on to explain the different types of testing and spent a great deal of time talking about hair testing. He expelled many rumors about hair testing that the class had preconceived, and clearly described the boundaries of hair testing today. He presented a diagram of the Dermal Papilla and explained how in this area the blood flow nourishes the bottom part of the hair located near the dermis and that it is where blood delivers drugs that become permanently trapped in the hair. After explaining the complexities of hair analysis, Dr. Selavka finally concluded the future of drug testing and its limitations and what to expect in the near future. Dr. Selavka’s presentation was very extensive and provided a range of information presented in a calculated manner. The quality of his presentation parallels that with his expertise in the field, and really engaged the class in participating and running mock conclusions based on previous cases he had encountered. All in all, he is clearly one of the leading experts in his field, world-wide. If he had more time, I would have asked him if he believed drug testing had a future, or could people be, ironically, using drugs to clean other drugs?

The Lifespan Perspective For Social Work Practice Social Work Essay Essay Example

The Lifespan Perspective For Social Work Practice Social Work Essay Essay The field of developmental psychological science is the scientific survey of age-related alterations in behavior, thought, emotion, and personality. ( Bee and Boyd, 2002, p3 ) . This assignment will concentrate on the early old ages country of the lifetime, which ranges from pre-birth to 3 old ages of age. During the early old ages, kids start to develop physically as they begin to creep, appreciation and walk. Children besides start to hold self-government as they begin to do picks themselves and they start to develop their vocabulary and have simple conversations with others. Additionally, kids develop socially as they form fond regards with their attention giver and other of import faces they recognise. In societal work pattern, it is of import to understand that theories associating to lifespan development should non be used as a solid usher when sing behaviour, as they do non take into history all facets of an person s life, such as environmental and societal factors, and non e verybody lives a text-book life. ( Walker and Crawford, 2010 ) . Theories are an effort to explicate something to give us an apprehension and do sense of jobs. ( Thompson, 2000 ; page 20 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Lifespan Perspective For Social Work Practice Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Lifespan Perspective For Social Work Practice Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Lifespan Perspective For Social Work Practice Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When working with immature kids, it is of import to understand the assorted phases of development so that we, as societal workers can place accomplishments being made ; such as when a kid takes their first measure, or when they say their first word. Theories sing lifetime development are based around normal development and can assist societal workers find how much advancement a kid is doing in footings of development. ( Walker and Crawford, 2010 ) . Social workers must do certain that when working with immature kids they take into account their race and civilization, and what impact these might hold on their development. They must besides take a holistic attack when seeking to derive an apprehension of a kid, so that non merely can state larn what has happened during the kid s life, they can besides state why it happened and see the kid as an person. ( Walker and Crawford, 2010 ) . It is of import to maintain in head that even a bantam babe is a individual. Holistic development sees the kid in the unit of ammunition, as a whole individual physically, emotionally, intellectually, socially, morally, culturally and spiritualty. ( Meggitt, 2006 ; page 1 ) . Following the decease of Victoria Climbie , Lord Laming was required to update the agreements for kid safe guarding to forestall future calamities happening. The Children Act 2004, was a major reform and it brought along different policies to safeguard kids, such as Every Child Matters: Change for Children. ( DfES, 2004 ) . Every Child Matters was besides reformed in 2009, following the decease of Peter Connelly. Besides, model for Birth to Three Matters ( DfES, 2002 ) , has been published to back up professionals who work with immature kids and households and recognises the nature of human development. Within psychological science, there are 5 different attacks that can be taken when looking at lifetime development. These 5 attacks are biological, humanistic, cognitive, behaviorist and psychodynamic. These psychological positions are backed up by assorted theories, but it is really of import to retrieve that theories are non ever true as they do non take into consideration environmental and societal factors that could impact an person s development. This does non intend that theories can non be used to analyze behavior and development within persons, but it should be remembered that all theories do hold unfavorable judgments when they are applied and used in societal work pattern. The first theory which is traveling to be looked at sing early old ages development is Erikson s psychosocial phases of development. ( Beckett and Taylor, 2010 ) . The first phase of development is Trust versus Mistrust ; this phase forms the foundation of trust a kid has with their health professional. The more consistent the attention is that they receive the better trust that the kid will hold and they will go confident and will experience secure in their environment. However, if this phase is non completed successfully, so the kid will non experience secure or confident, and may non hold a batch of trust in their health professional, which can ensue in a figure of jobs, such as anxiousness and insecurities about others. ( Erikson, 1995 ) . The 2nd phase of development is Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt ; this phase shows a kid get downing to asseverate themselves and go independent, for illustration, picking what they want to watch, what toys they want to play with, or what they want to eat etc. Children need to be supported in this phase so that they know what they are making is right and go more confident in doing their ain determinations, otherwise if they are criticised excessively much, they might get down to experience dependent upon others, and may doubt their ability to do their ain picks. ( Erikson, 1995 ) . In societal work pattern, this theory could be used to look into any underlying issues between a kid and their parent. Erikson states that if a phase is non completed successfully, it is harder to finish following phases of development and achieve the positive results. ( Beckett and Taylor, 2010 ) . This theory gives societal workers an overview of how a kid should be come oning and what their capablenesss should be. However, this theory does non take into consideration kids who have disablements or who come from different cultural backgrounds. A kid with a certain disablement may non be able to do their ain picks from such a immature age, no affair how merely they are, or kids from different civilizations will hold different upbringings compared to kids from other civilizations. John Bowlby was a chief psychologist who studied kids. In peculiar he looked at fond regard between a kid and health professional. He believed that relationships at a immature age are critical because any weaknesss in relationships in childhood would determine the development of a kid s personality. He besides believed that fond regard is an unconditioned act, and kids want to organize an fond regard with their female parents and female parents want to be near to their kids so that they can protect them. Prolonged separation from the female parent is known as maternal want, and this is a major cause of delinquent behavior and mental wellness concerns. ( Walker and Crawford, 2010 ) . Social workers can utilize theory when in pattern to see how a kid responds to their female parent or male parent. For illustration, if a kid is in a attention and has contact with his/her female parent twice a hebdomad, the societal worker should look to see who interacts with who foremost, who runs to who, what is the propinquity like and organic structure linguistic communication etc. All of these actions will let the societal worker to find whether something is incorrect. If the female parent runs to her kid, why is the kid non running to her female parent? Does the kid non experience attached? Has something happened which needs to be looked into? However, Bowlby s theory does non take into history male parents being the attachment figure as they may be a individual parent. Besides, societal workers need to work in a non-discriminatory mode and retrieve that in some households, such as Asiatic households, within a family it is non merely the immediate household who live at that p lace, it is besides the wider household. A member of the wider household could be the chief health professional, so this needs to be taken into consideration when get downing to work with a kid from this type of household. ( Walker and Crawford, 2010 ) . Mary Ainsworth adapted Bowlby s fond regard theory by transporting out her ain experiment on kids and their health professional so that different fond regard manners between a kid and the health professional could be observed. The Strange Situation recognised four different fond regard types ; secure, anxious-avoidant, anxious-ambivalent and disorganized fond regard. ( Ainsworth et all. , 1978 ) . The experiment took topographic point in a little room with a one manner mirror so that the kid could easy be observed. Throughout the experiment, the kid would be left with their health professional for some clip before a alien entered and the health professional leaves, and so the kid would be left wholly entirely for a short period of clip before the alien and health professional return and so forth. The attachment type that the kid would hold would be dependent on their reactions to the events that happened in the experiment disturbance, shouting, dying, scared, happy, hard-pressed etc . ) . For illustration, a kid who has an ambivalent-attachment would hold shown no marks of hurt when their health professional left the room, but they would hold avoided the alien when they entered the room. When the health professional returns after go forthing the kid entirely with the alien, the kid would near them, but may besides force them off to demo that they are upset. ( Simply Psychology, 2008 ) . In societal work, this theory could be used to see the fond regard between a kid and their health professional. Positive fond regard could ensue in intercession non being needed by societal workers. However, negative fond regard could turn out that earlier intercession is needed as there is an underlying ground as to why the kid is non organizing an fond regard with their health professional. This theory should be used really carefully in pattern as some kids are more independent than others, and it does non take into account cultural differences and disablements. For illustration, kids who have Autism Spectrum Disorder ( ASD ) , particularly on the higher terminal of the autistic spectrum, find it really hard to expose feelings and demo fondness. This does non intend that they have non formed an fond regard with their health professional, they are more than able to, but it is how they display their fond regard type which can do them look unattached. During the mid-1980s, research wo rkers started to detect kids with ASD in the Strange Situation. Results show that 50 % of the kids formed a unafraid fond regard with their health professional. Despite this figure being low compared to kids who do non hold ASD, it is really impressive and proves that kids with ASD can organize fond regards. However, when it came to the portion where the health professional returned to their kid, the kids acted otherwise compared to other kids. For illustration, they did non originate contact or look to be happy. ( Oppenheim et al. , 2008 ) . The cognition of development and attachment theories is of import in societal work, as these theories will assist a societal worker carry out appraisals on a household with immature kids. When transporting out an appraisal, it has to be done under the Common Assessment Framework, which aims to place the followers ; how good the parents or carers can back up their kid s developmental demands, and how they respond and meet their demands ; and what impact does the environment and the wider household have on a kid s development. ( DfES, 2006 ) . John Bowlby s attachment theory gives an overview of the different fond regard types and it allows societal workers to measure and judge the quality of a relationship, and this can assist as the societal worker will cognize when to step in, and if necessary, take a kid from a household unit. ( Walker and Crawford, 2010 ) . Under subdivision 17 of the Children Act 1989, local governments have a duty to safeguard and advance the safety and public assistance of kids who are in demand. ( Legislation.Gov, 2012 ) . When working with kids in demand, a societal worker will necessitate to transport out an appraisal under the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need. ( Department of Health, 2000 ) . Tied within this appraisal, is another appraisal sing the developmental demands of a kid. It covers several countries of development ; wellness, instruction, individuality, household and societal dealingss, emotional and behavioral development and self-care accomplishments. Harmonizing to Parker and Bradley, kids need to make these developmental demands to accomplish a healthy maturity. ( Parker and Bradley, 2007 ) . By utilizing anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive pattern in societal work, it allows societal workers to dispute their ain beliefs and values while sing others. The Every Child Matters: Change for Children policy has 5 results which are considered to be the most of import to kids and immature people ; be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, do a positive part, and accomplish economic wellbeing. The policy wants kids and immature people to be safe from strong-arming and favoritism . ( Crawford, 2006 ; page 16 ) . With respects to lifespan development theories ; anti-discriminatory pattern and anti-oppressive pattern are used in societal work because these theories can be applied to all cultural and category backgrounds. The bulk of the theories were based around white middle-classed kids and parents when experiments were carried out, but by no agency does this mean that they can non be applied to different civilizations. In decision, if cognition of lifetime development and assorted theories are used right and suitably in societal work pattern, so this could give societal workers a clear indicant of when a kid is non developing at the usual rate, and intercession can take topographic point at the earliest possible minute, to guarantee that the safety and public assistance of the kid is met. The advantages and disadvantages of sing behavior through lifespan positions seem to weigh each other out in relation to societal pattern, nevertheless, it should be remembered that the surveies are theories, and are non based on solid facts, so they should merely be used in pattern as counsel. Word Count: 2,175

How to keep Your New Year’s resolutions

How to keep Your New Year’s resolutions This is the time of year where everyone’s optimistic about how much better they’re going to do once the calendar flips over to January 1. We’re all going to be healthier, more motivated, more focused, and more zen, right? Sure. For a little while. Then reality hits, and those resolutions start looking more like quaint relics of last month. But we could all stand to be healthier, more productive, nicer, etc., so how do you make those stick well into February and beyond? Let’s look at some tips you can use to help make better, more achievable, and more successful personal and professional goals for the coming year.Build in some accountability.Some of us are better than others at self-motivation and keeping ourselves on track. For others of us, well, the excuses mount. I’m so busy. I’ll deal with this later. I can’t do this because X, Y, and Z. The main problem here is that you’re the one monitoring yourself, and you’re the one both making and accepting the decision to slack off on the resolutions. If that sounds painfully familiar (and if it does, I hear you), that’s why you need someone else to help keep you accountable to yourself.In my own life, I find I’m much more successful at staying on track when I know I’m going to have to talk about it with someone else. For example, it helps me hunker down and read my book club’s current book when I know I still have 50 pages to go, but there’s an official date and time set to talk about it with my friends.So basically, find a resolution buddy- or several buddies, for different things. That can be as simple as finding someone to go with you to the gym, making it more of an appointment than a chore. Or it can mean having regular check-ins or coffee dates where you talk about your progress on a particular goal. At work, it can be a colleague who’s also interested in taking on more projects or arriving on time every da y. Having someone else who knows what you’re up to can motivate you to make time for your task (whatever it may be), and give you a sense of purpose.Start small- and specific.If you want to make a lasting change, you’re setting yourself up to fail if you set a task so overwhelming or complicated that you’ll get frustrated right away. A frustrating resolution is often a failed resolution, so what’s the point of using â€Å"go big or go home† as your guiding principle here? For example, weight loss is a pretty common resolution for the new year. It’s also very vague. Sure, you want to lose weight. How much, and over how much time? Setting smaller, specific goals will help you chip away at the larger one.If you want to lose weight, say you’ll lose five pounds by February. Then another five pounds by March. Setting these smaller, month-by-month goals gives you milestones that you can hit, and feel proud about reaching. Feeling successful will make you more likely to stick with your new weight loss regime. On the other hand, if you say â€Å"I will lose 50 pounds next year† without really breaking down how that will happen, you’re more likely to feel overwhelmed about the massive change you need to make, and let the whole thing lapse.At work, think along the same lines. Say you want to be more organized at work. What specific steps can you take to get there? Maybe the first step is downloading a productivity app that can help you manage your schedule and projects, and the step after that is tackling your email inbox and organizing it into folders. These are specific, manageable tasks that contribute to the larger goal, but are easy to accomplish in, say, an afternoon instead of languishing on a mental â€Å"when I have time† list.Use the whole year.Part of the reason resolutions are such a popular idea is that we have this sense that once the year changes, everything should be different and bette r, instantly. The reality is that this new you should be an all-year thing, not an â€Å"everything right now† thing. Set mini-goals throughout the year, or think about the milestones you want to hit before next December.For example, if your goal is to save more money, put specific dollar amounts to that goal throughout the year, so you’re not scrambling (or giving up on the notion) all at once to meet the goal late in the year. You can set up automatic deposits on a regular basis. Moving, say, $25 from your paycheck to savings every pay period is going to be a lot less painful than trying to move over thousands of dollars all at once from checking to savings. Use the calendar to figure out how often you’ll need to do something to make your goal for the year.Be flexible.Things change in life. And sometimes they change quickly. So flexibility is a key quality of any resolution. When you’re thinking about your resolutions for the next year, think about pote ntial â€Å"plan B† goals as well. If you can’t get to the gym four mornings a week like you want to do, what other times could potentially work as well?Feel free to revisit any resolutions throughout the year, too. Maybe you were too optimistic about the number of online classes you would have time to take to build skills. Maybe you had some unexpected costs that put a dent in how much money you can sock away toward your savings goals. If something’s not working, for whatever reason, modify it in a way that does work for you.Expect to fail sometimes.If you were already perfect at something, it likely wouldn’t be on your resolutions list in the first place, right? Embrace the imperfections of this process. This is about being a better self, not necessarily the perfect self. (Let’s face it: a perfect self would be pretty boring, no?) And that means treating this like a journey, and learning from any failures or mistakes you make along that journey.I f you’ve set a goal for yourself of getting promoted or finding a new job within three months and that doesn’t happen, it doesn’t mean you’ve totally failed at your goal and should walk away. It just means you should ask yourself what worked and what didn’t, and try again.Reward yourself.Fun fact: bribes work wonderfully well when it comes to motivation, whether you’re a kid or a seasoned adult. So build in your own personal rewards program for achieving your milestone goals, or completing a full year of resolution-ing. And be creative- if your resolution is to lose weight and your standard self-reward is, say, ice cream, then your reward is undercutting your progress. But you could sub in a fun activity that you don’t get to do often, or buying yourself something you’ve had your eye on for a while. #treatyoselfThe reward doesn’t have to be anything extravagant or even all that personal. It could be as simple as allowing yourself a take-out lunch for every two weeks’ worth of lunches you pack and bring to work, or a 10-minute break for every two hours you go without checking your social media during the workday. Deprivation without any kind of reward can get unappealing fast, so if you can give yourself something to look forward to in exchange, you’re more likely to keep going with your progress.Take responsibility for your goals.Remember, this whole thing is about you and what you think will make you a happier, wealthier, wiser, more productive, or more successful person. You already know what needs to be done (hence the resolutions)- but you also know yourself better than anyone else does, so you know what your pitfalls, distractions, and weaknesses are likely to be. Even if you find an accountability buddy or tell the world about your grand plan to apply to grad school, it’s entirely on you to make these goals happen. The more control you accept and the more confidence you h ave in your ability to take concrete steps toward those goals, the easier it will be to make choices that support your resolutions.By setting realistic, achievable goals for yourself, and doing some planning ahead to keep yourself engaged in your self-improvement plan, you’re already stepping up your resolution game. It’s easy to say, â€Å"I should do X.† It’s much harder to say, â€Å"Here are the 10 things I need to do to achieve X, and here’s the timeline I want to follow.† But that commitment is worth it, because the more work you put in up front, the more work you’re going to want to do over the next year to make sure you’re getting something out of this process. We don’t get to be entirely new people at 12:01 on January 1, but with a little effort, we can feel more accomplished when the next round of New Year’s resolution-making hits. Good luck!

Military intelligence ethicist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Military intelligence ethicist - Essay Example The first solution, of taking no action, will leave tribal warfare unchecked and rampant in the area. Without a reason to stop, the warlords will continue raising armies, hording needed supplies, and violating international law. The second solution, of extensive intervention, leaves open the possibility of all-out warring between Americans and Kapawa fighters, with untold devastation on civilian populations. The third solution, a middle ground, will commit a small contingent of American troops to fighting the violence. However, this third option may do nothing more than put American forces in harm’s way for a mission that may end up being too small to be of great effectiveness. From the consequentialist point of view, the third option of engaging in limited strikes is out of the question, insofar as it does not solve the underlying problem of warlords. The problem in the case of Kapawa is institutional, not merely an armed conflict. There are deep political and ethnographic problems in the state, which cannot be resolved by a minimal engagement on the part of American soldiers. Deciding from there, the consequentialist looks at the first option: to take no action. Although this option saves the lives of American soldiers, the loss of Kapawa life and infrastructure may be far too great of a cost. If the commander leaves the Kapawa people to deal with warlords by themselves, people will continue to die from the fighting and the resulting famine. Although help can be delivered from non-governmental entities, the underlying problem remains Logically, the second option, of full-scale intervention, makes the most sense. It eliminates the institutional and political problems affecting the Kapawa people. It gives American the opportunity to establish a stable and functioning government, and settles disputes between the warring tribes. It reestablishes the opportunity for the fair distribution of resources inside the country and

What are the rules that apply for collecting unemployment compensation Research Paper

What are the rules that apply for collecting unemployment compensation in Rhode Island - Research Paper Example The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states "Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment."However, every right enjoyed must fulfil responsibilities that go with it. Hence labor laws the world over have been laid down to protect both the employer as well as the employee, so that neither can take undue advantage of the other. In the US, the Department of Labor has laid down statutes and regulations that govern wages, benefits, safety, health and non discrimination policies. The Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs clearly states in its executive order, â€Å"The contractor will not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.† (Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs) The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) lays down standards for minimum wages and overtime pay that can be claimed by worke rs under various categories. FLSA covers over 130 million workers employed in public and private sector enterprises. Under this Act basic hourly wages are defined under various categories wherein age, skills and other considerations of the employee are taken into account and exemptions are given to certain categories of student workers who can be employed below standard minimum wages. However it is mandatory for the employer to post a notice explaining the minimum wage act in places where it can be easily accessed by employees. The Department of Labor strictly enforces the requirements of the Act and when violations are discovered, the employer is requested to pay back wages wherever applicable. Employees also have the right to file a suit in case of violation of the Act and can be reimbursed up to two years back wages, in addition to damages, attorney’s fees and court charges. The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) ensures that employees work in a safe and healthful e nvironment that is free from hazards to their health. The employer must ensure that adequate training has been given to employees in the use of safety equipment. However, the employee’s conduct and actions too must comply with safety rules set down by the employer, like use of protective equipment where necessary. The general duty clause of the OSHA clearly states that the employer "shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees" (Basic Provisions of OSHA). Although OSHA has separated its safety standards into different categories, some provisions that address issues like personal protective equipment and hazard communication are similar for all employees. OSHA also offers information in various formats as well as training and consultation services to educate people about safety and health hazards, as well as precautions t o be taken to ensure safe work environments. This act is geared to prevent injury and work environment related illness or disease and strives to maximize the safety and health of every employee. The Employee Benefits Security Administration (EBSA) is responsible for administering the Employee Retirement Income Security Act. (ERISA) EBSA has the authority to ensure that employees receive these benefits promised by the employer. ERISA includes welfare plans that benefit employees while they are in active service as well as at the time of retirement or termination of employment. Such welfare plans include health benefits, disability or death benefits as well as scholarship benefits, daycare benefits, training and apprenticeship and a host of other such benefits. Unemployment Insurance is a program funded by taxes paid by the employer. This program ensures that economic stability is maintained among the unemployed. It provides temporary and often partial wages to those who have lost the ir jobs through no fault of their own. The Unemployment

Evaluating NAPLAN as a Performance Measurement System Assignment

Evaluating NAPLAN as a Performance Measurement System - Assignment Example According to the ACARA website, the NAPLAN testing widely reflects the aspects related to numeracy and literacy, which are common to the curricula of all the states and territories (â€Å"My School Fact Sheet†). The test formats as well as questions are chosen in such manner that they remain familiar to the students and teachers all across Australia. It is designed in such manner that it can be taken on the same date in any particular year all across the country (â€Å"National Assessment Program Literacy and Numeracy 2010†). Problems associated with design or use of NAPLAN Management accounting enhances the decision making by suggesting methods and methodologies. In this part of the project, the problems in the design and framework of NAPLAN would be reflected by taking into consideration the management accounting theory. Three problems associated with NAPLAN are given below: The content coverage of the NAPLAN test: With 40 questions in every test, NAPLAN always assess es fragments of the student achievement. This is not appropriate because testing a portion of the curriculum does not give indication about any student’s learning in all the curriculum areas. The result of the students in this test reflects the percentage of questions that could be answered by them out of all the questions present in the questionnaire. However, the test fails to reflect achievement of the entire numeracy and literacy domain. The bureaucrats have explained it as a test score gap, where they stated that there is an achievement gap between the students and the schools. As the NAPLAN test only assesses limited aspect of the learning of Australian students, the result is not useful for inferring the overall achievement. Moreover, achievement related to any student must not be so narrowly confined to only the grounds of literacy and numeracy. There should be assessment made on other grounds as well, such as critical thinking, creativity, capability of following any inquiry, motivation, compassion etc. But test on these grounds are not assessed by the NAPLAN. In contrast to this, the Australian teachers know about the ability of the students in much broader way apart from numeracy or literacy. Accuracy in the identification of overall level of the students in grounds of numeracy and literacy: The test instrument comprising of a set of only 40 questions cannot judge and separate the students accurately on grounds of literacy and numeracy. The NAPLAN does not provide any additional information, which a teacher does not have with him/her. For identifying the student level much more accurately, there should be long tests conducted. Matching the assessment procedure with the curriculum: In order to assess the achievement of the students on grounds of literacy and numeracy, it is very important that the assessment matches with the curriculum, which is being taught by the teachers. ACARA states that the test item is informed to the teachers by Ã¢â‚¬Ë œNational Standards of learning for English’. But the document based on which the test would be taken remain unknown to the teachers in most of the schools. It is not an appropriate process of planning the NAPLAN test on the basis of new Australian Curriculum because there are still some states, which did not adopt the curriculum yet. Moreover, even after adopting the curriculum, it would require time for these schools to implement them. As the learning of the

Drama Therapy In Reduction Of Vicarious Trauma Psychology Essay

Drama Therapy In Reduction Of Vicarious Trauma Psychology Essay Drama therapy is defined as an intentional and systematic application of drama/ theater processes, products, and associations towards achieving therapeutic goals of symptom relief, emotional and physical integration and individual/personal growth. Therefore, the goals of drama therapy are established from psychotherapy and the tools to achieve these goals are derived from theater Children use drama as therapy spontaneously, with no outside direction or pre-imposed structure. Dramatic play is the childs method of: symbolically expressing and resolving internal conflict; assimilating reality; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦releasing pent-up emotions; learning to control potentially destructive impulses through fantasy; expressing unaccepted parts of the self; exploring problems and discovering solutions; expressing hopes and wishes;à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and developing a sense of identity (cited in Emunah, 1994, p.4). These fundamental dramatic play functions in childrens lives are also relevant to everybody regardless of age towards building psychological growth and change. These plays help client to tell his or her story to solve a problem, achieve catharsis, extend the depth and breadth of inner experiences, understand the meaning of images, and strengthen the ability to observe personal roles while increasing flexibility between roles (Emunah, 1994) The experience by psychotherapists of failure of traditional verbal therapy to confront and work through client discomfort led to the evolving of drama therapy. The balance of verbal and non-verbal elements of play therapy together with its language of metaphor enables individual to work effectively within a therapeutic session. Trauma experiences that have been proved to be toxic to peoples life can be recapitulated to workers who are supposed to be helping the traumatized clients. This has detrimental impact on the clients and also can lead to demoralization of help givers and wastage of resources. It can also lead to the belief that the clients receiving the help are the cause of the problem and that the clients condition is hopeless and they cannot be assisted or helped. This transfer of trauma from the client to the care giver is known as vicarious traumatization (Kellermann, 1992). Vicarious trauma is inevitable while dealing with clients who have suffered major losses or suffered terrible events. It cannot be avoided but can be modified or reduced through drama therapy (Jones, 1996). Vicarious Traumatization Vicarious traumatization also known as secondary traumatization is the impacts of working with clients who have experienced trauma through the narration of their story about the experiences. It is called secondary because the person affected by the trauma has no direct link with the event that led to the trauma but experiences the trauma indirectly through their client (Andersen et al, 2000). A good example is of workers helping the refugees. Since the refugees have suffered major losses and life-shattering events, those working with refugee such as teachers, medical doctors, and immigration workers among others will be subject to vicarious traumatization and its impacts. Vicarious traumatization is usually a slow, cumulative process that takes place in the course of hearing many stories of loss and pain (Emunah, 1994 Axline, 1947). This makes it difficult to detect its impacts on the care givers lives. In most cases the care givers do not realize that they are suffering from vicari ous traumatization until when it is too late and they have burned out. The impact of vicarious traumatization like the impacts of trauma itself is serious and can be permanent. It interferes with the care givers/workers ability to do their work effectively and this highlights the need to recognize, monitor, and minimize the effects of vicarious traumatization on workers lives (Kellermann, 1992). Understanding Vicarious Traumatization and Its Impacts As defined above, vicarious traumatization is the experience of trauma related stress that is often caused by working closely with trauma victims. Trauma in definition is any experience involving serious threat personal harm or harm to others and excessive negative emotions like fear, helplessness, rage, and grief. These experiences can happen at any time of the life of individuals who have gone major losses or suffered terrible occurances for instance in a refugee life it can occur during resettlement process or any other phase of a refugee life (Jones, 1996). It is not possible to hear stories of tragic losses, human brutal harassments, gross injustice, and needless suffering and remain unaffected by such stories by workers who encounter human suffering on daily basis. The only way to remain unaffected is only by choosing to be numb by blocking our senses but this most often leads to ineffectiveness in service delivery and can also lead to depression and other associated problems(Jones, 1996). The fact is that we are changed by the nature of our work usually in ways we do not want. For example a volunteer who is optimistic on him/herself towards helping refugee may change drastically and become increasingly cynical and discouraged because of the unique stress emanating from his/her job (Andersen et al, 2000). Vicarious traumatization can take various forms which are determined by an individual and the work environment. The fact that people response to stress are different, there is no single symptom or set of signs that provide absolute evidence of vicarious traumatization or an exhaustive list showing all the signs and symptoms. Nevertheless, many of the impacts of vicarious traumatization are similar to the impacts of the trauma itself. Some of the signs and symptoms of vicarious traumatization include; fatigue, depression, withdrawal from other or from activities, loss of trust, demoralization, cynicism, disillusionment, lack of sleep, loss of sense of humor, lack of emotional control and strong emotional reactions to minor occurrences, and difficulty ,making decision among other symptoms (Kellermann, 1992). Like water flowing over a rock in a stream, on daily basis nothing seems to be happening to the rock but several years later, have of the rock will be worn out. Similarly, vicarious traumatization is cumulative and on a day-to-day basis, we may hardly realize that we are experiencing stress. Eventually the vicarious traumatization wears us down and if not dealt with, it leaves us in an exhausted position. Once in this exhausted position we are unable to think clearly, make rational judgments, listen carefully, or even help others effectively (Jones, 1996). In addition, attributes such as cynicism, disillusionment, despair among others becomes part of our permanent identities (Carey, 1990). These are serious and damaging impacts. Fortunately, such impacts can be reduced by taking an active role of reducing such stresses that are associated with working closely with trauma survivors. The first step towards addressing vicarious traumatization is to accept that such trauma does exist and have an understanding of the contributing factors of vicarious traumatization (Sue, 1994). Management of Vicarious Traumatization through Drama Therapy Some researchers argue that dramatic activities do encourage a removal from the reality which is an escapist way of being, relating to others, and relating to the world. Others argue that theatre and life are totally different states and if they do relate, it is only within the confines of a theatre with its formal demarcation of performance and audience areas. Some argument view adult dramatization as being regressive returning to the experience of the child in play. Nevertheless, some scholars argue that drama and living are virtually connected. As Evreinov wrote theater is a human impulse necessary to health living (cited in Jones, 1996). Drama therapy acknowledges that a part of this want and impulse can be employed in the maintenance of health and coping with emotional and psychological problems (De Dominico, 1988 Gil, 1994). The creation of world of fictions, play world, and the creative process itself does not need only to be seen in the perspective of an unhelpful retreat fr om the reality but rather be seen as an important part of living in the world. Creativity in drama therapy has a healing, life-affirming aspect. The fantasies and the artistic daydreams help in conquering the painful limits of existence. They also help in dealing with our basic conflicts (Carey, 2006). Over the past two decades, acknowledgement of drama as a therapy has changed and this has led to the emergence of drama therapy as practiced today. These changes have two main aspects as observed by Jones that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦drama therapy session can deal with primary processes involved in the clients change rather than being adjunct to other ways of working, such as psychotherapyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that the root of this process is in the drama. Dram therapy is not viewed by those who support it as a psychotherapy group containing dramatic activities but rather the drama process contains the therapy itself (Jones, 1996). Drama therapy techniques Various elements of drama therapy combined together make drama therapy effective. These elements explain the way in which drama processes are therapeutic. These elements are not specific to any drama technique but their focus is on fundamental processes within all drama therapy. The key areas of drama and theatre which are of essence to drama therapist includes; the process of entry into playing as a character, entry into dramatic state, dramatic communication, relationship between the dramatic frame and real life frame, performance processes, and the audience together with the process of witnessing in theatre. These drama elements are essential in developing the healing power of drama and theatre and out of them there emerges series of dramatic processes which are crucial towards making drama therapy effective(Carey, 2006, Sue, 1994). The first core drama process is dramatic projection. Wilshire in his work Role Playing and Identity describes the relationship between stage space and audience in a way that help us to see how drama projection relates to drama therapy. He observes that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the constant attractions and the needs for theatre is that we see ourselves writ large' (Wilshire, 1982cited in Emunah, 1994). According to this observation, seeing ourselves the way we are leads toward changing oneself according to the way we understand or see ourselves which may include a change in our perspective. In addition, as an audience, we may identify with some of characters on the stage through motivation, experience or attitude. This may also be accompanied with projection of our own motivations, feelings and experience according to the direction provided by the actor. Drama content and action witnessed by the audience can lead to a shift of their relationship with the projected feelings during or after the p erformance. In turn, this may affect the way the audience understand and feel about part of themselves that have been engaged with the projection (Sue, 1997). This projection and identification with the drama scene are not only to the clients that could be suffering from trauma experiences but also to the therapist who from the traditional verbal expression may be a subject to vicarious traumatization because they are actively involved as an actor or audience and also the way the client expresses his or her inner feelings through acting has lesser vicarious traumatization impacts. Though some theory such as classic freud sees projection and identification as a defensive process, the drama therapy sees it as an important process that develops important relationship between inner emotions and external forms and presences (Weber et al, 2005 Carey, 2006). The other core process of drama therapy is the therapeutic performance process. This process includes need identification, rehearsal, showing, and disengagement. There are two impacts within this process. The process enables the client to find expression for the material to be worked on and the working means with the material. During rehearsal and showing, client can shift their relationship to personal material by playing different role in the enactment or by directing alternative ways of the play. The focus here is to explore the content displayed by the client (Emunah, 1994). Clients and therapists may become role player or an audience member for a while. Taking these roles may be therapeutic for both the clients and the therapist for it provides an opportunity for a change in the link with the material or shift in perspective concerning the expressed material. The client and therapist involvement with the medium of drama through acting may allow them to experience their own creat ivity. Eventually they may be able to bring this creativity to bear upon the problem being focused within the action. This creativity may necessitate a change as the client and the therapist is able to address the problematic material from various perspectives (Sue, 1994). For instance, outside drama therapy session, a client or therapist may be stuck with a problem but they may feel capable of finding the solution through creatively engaging and experimenting new alternatives in the drama (Miller, 1994). Empathy and distancing which are other processes within drama are often two opposing powers within theatre and drama therapy. But it would be beneficial if we see both as part of any reaction that result from a dramatic phenomenon either in a theatre or therapy. One may be established more strongly than the other but it is irrational to describe a response as being completely distanced or empathized. Empathy and distancing are associated to mediation and the ways in which an individual interact with others and happenings in life. As Landy observes, healthy functioning requires a balance of feeling and thought (Landy, 1986, 98 cited in Emunah, 1994 ). Empathy creates a bond between the actor and the audience. It is determined by the capabilities of the audience to identify with and engage their emotions with the character. It can also be evident within the character themselves through the role they are acting with. On the other hand, distancing is where the character does not allow to tal transformation on the stage into the character he is acting (Miller, 1994). Empathy development in dramatic activities is therapeutic in itself. For instance clients may have a problem of establishing relationship due to lack of abilities to empathize with other. Empathetic responses during therapy sessions encourage the client to empathize with others outside the drama therapy. On the other hand, distancing encourages participation that is more focused towards thought, reflection and perspective. This means that the client function as a reader to the material without being disengaged from the material but involved with it from a different angle (Allen, 1988). This helps the client to develop perspective on themselves or an event. The degree of response, of empathy and distancing within an action can be used as an instrument in the assessment of clients relationship with the material they present (Emunah, 1994). Drama representation is described as the means chosen to express material within a drama session. Two particular elements common within drama practice are personification and impersonation. Personification is representing a person quality using objects dramatically. Impersonation on the other hand refers to role playing of an imaginary person (Miller, 1994). These two elements provide the client or the therapist a given focus of expression and exploration of problems and concerns. It enables the client to have a taste of what it is to be another (Emunah, 1994). This links the process of developing empathy and eventually developing the ways a client interacts with others. It can also help in the process of viewing a problematic circumstance from the point of view of another person. Participation of fictional material through personification and impersonations can develop opportunities to change and explore the concern in a new direction. This fictional world enables client exploration s which the client might deny in the normal life circumstances. Play activities which is another process in drama therapy is described as the expressive language in the therapeutic sessions. In early stages, a play usually contains games and warm up activities. A state of playfulness is developed and the client enters into a special playing state. This playful session has a link with reality. The links are exhibited by a more creative, flexible attitude towards action, impacts and held ideas. This allows the client to adopt a playful, experimenting direction towards themselves and their life encounters (Miller, 1994). . This makes play to be seen as part of an expressive continuum using specific language such object play, toys, and games among others which is seen as part of hoe the client explores material in drama therapy (Weber et al, 2005).. Conclusion In many occasions, work in drama therapy involves a direct dramatic representation of reality for instance playing a role of real life event or an improvised experience. At other time it is indirect relationship with real life event. Many activities give a number of various types of connection simultaneously. For example a realistic role play of relationship between a client and her mother, exploring unaddressed problem may have various importance. To the client presenting material, to the other actors and audience, the relationship, may symbolize a struggle between self and personified by the mother and daughter (Miller, 1994).. The process of being involved in drama activities and the potential creativity of enactment can bring transformation in a persons life. This is as result of transformation of identity- the artist in the client is established within drama therapy. The development of dramatic products, the participation in dramatic process can result to a combination of thinki ng, feeling and creativity (Sue, 1994). This combination has a potential to transform different aspects of clients way of understanding and responding to themselves and the world. The interactions which the client forms in the drama therapy can be transformative experience. Past interactions, events and ways of addressing them cab be brought into the current drama therapy and be reworked within the drama.

Native American Mistreatment

They  traveled  across  what  scientists  and  historians  call  the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"land  bridge†Ã‚  that  spanned  the  distance between  modern  day  Russia  and  Alaska. The  natives  separated  into  many  different  factions  and fanned  all  over  North  America;  some  tribes  became  nomadic  roaming  wherever  their  food  supply went  while  other  Ã‚  natives  learned  to  grow  and  sew  crops.The  Native  Americans  lived  in  mostly peaceful  societies  until  1492,  when  Columbus  landed  on  what  is  now  the  Bahamas2  The  natives greeted  Columbus  and  his  crew  with  open  arms  only  to  be  met  with  harsh  treatment,  slavery,  rape, and  death. When  the  Europeans  arrived,  they  forever  changed  the  lives  of  Native  American’s  by trying  to  transform   religion  and  law  that  violated  Native  American  customs. When  Columbus,  a  Roman  Catholic,  landed  in  the  Bahamas  in  1492,  he  was  received amicably  by  the  friendly  Arawak  tribe.The  Arakwak  people  were  a  largely  peaceful  society;  they had  settled  in  the  Caribbean  hundreds  of  years  before  European  explorers  found  them. In Columbus’  private  journal  he  wrote  of  the  Arawak  Ã¢â‚¬Å"  they  willingly  traded  everything  they owned†¦ they  do  not  bear  arms,  and  do  not  know  them,  for  I  showed  them  a  sword,  they  took

Gen 105: Final Project: Student Survival Guide

Axia’s educational resources have been a great help to me throughout this course. The three educational resources covered in this course was, Downloading files for use on your machine or portable device, Navigating the University Library, and Identifying key information within articles. Being able to download reading materials onto cell phones, and MP3 players, improves the quality of the educational experience. Axia College provides other technological tools as well, such as: audio appendixes, digital stories, and tutorials. I myself prefer the audio appendixes and digital stories because when I am able to hear things I seem to be able to learn and remember it better. I’m also able to write better notes, and do better on my assignments without having to keep looking back and searching through the reading materials. The University Library has also helped me a great deal during the course. I prefer using it over going to a traditional library because all I have to do is log onto my student website, click on the library tab, then click on the University Library tab, next all I have to do is type in a keyword to the subject I am looking for. The University Library also has a link so you can send a message to a librarian too. So in my opinion the University Library is better than a traditional library because it has all the same things without you having to leave your house. This course also taught me how to identify key information within articles. Look for different fonts, like bold, italic, or underlined words. Also, words that are different colors. Upholding Academic Honesty was something that I will use during my whole college experience. Three educational resources covered in this course are Understanding Axia’s academic honesty policy, Understanding consequences of plagiarism, and Avoiding plagiarism. To find Axia’s academic honest policy, go to the materials tab, and then click on polices at the left side of your screen. It basically states that the students and instructors all agree to use their own work and not to plagiarize. The consequences of plagiarism are pretty simple, you could fail the assignment and the course, get suspended, or even expelled from the University. Some ways to avoid plagiarism are: *Crediting Authors and Sources, you should make notes of your source as you go. *Know the difference between a quotation and a paraphrase. *Use a citation for an acceptable paraphrase. *Understand that a paper that consists primarily of quoted material from other sources is not considered an original work. *Understand that lifting material off the Internet is plagiarism. *Solicit Feedback. *Citing Sources. (Effective Writing Communicating Your Message. ) Setting and Achieving Goals is actually something that I thought I knew everything about, and wouldn’t be able to learn anything else. I was wrong! The three educational resources that were covered in this course were, identifying long-and short-term educational and career goals, How to reach goals despite obstacles, and how an Axia degree relates to goals. I knew what long-term goals meant and what my long-term goals were; and I also knew what short-term goals meant, and what mine were. Identifying both my long and short-term educational and career goals was pretty easy. My long-term educational goal is to graduate from University Of Phoenix with my Associates Degree in Psychology. My long-term career goal is to use my degree to be a drug councilor. My short-term educational goals are to do all my assignments and participation on time and post them on time each week. Reaching my goals despite obstacles is what I need to work on. I need to prioritize my goals. Anticipate any problems that may accrue, and make a list of things to do if those problems to arise so it doesn’t mess with me meeting my goal. Such as, me not doing well in a class for a couple weeks; then for the remainder of that class I will work extra hard, and make sure to bring my grade up. Managing Time Wisely is a topic I’m very glad we covered in this course. The three educational resources are balancing time between courses at Axia, Juggling school, work, and family responsibilities, and Prioritizing and avoiding time-wasters. I’m a single mother of a two year old little girl, so it can get very hectic at my house. Every time I get on the computer to log onto my student website she will jump right in the middle of my computer and me. I usually have to wait until she is asleep before I can do any work. That means I am up most of the time at 3:00AM and 4:00AM and get up with my daughter at 7:00AM or 8:00AM. It’s very hard! There was an activity that we did, it was Appendix F : Time Management Log. The log had from 6:00AM to 9:30PM down the first column, the second was labeled â€Å"Activities†, and the third â€Å"Comments/observations. This assignment really helped me a lot to see what I was spending my time on, and to figure out how I could change that. Fostering Reading Comprehension and Retention helped be able to read the materials faster, and understand it too. The two educational resources in this course was Using reading comprehension echniques for successful reading, and Using SQ3R and other study habits. Some reading comprehension techniques for successful reading are find somewhere to read that is quite and you won’t be distracted, make yourself concentrate on what your reading, look ahead in the reading to see what’s next, become emotionally involved with what your reading, and define your reading purpose. SQ3R really helped me with my reading as signments. Skim, Question, Read, Recite, Review. When I have to read something new I use SQ3R. It really helps me to remember and learn the material. Applying Personality and Learning Styles was a lesson I found very interesting. The three educational resources for this course was, Using your personality type for distance learning success, Developing your multiple intelligences, Relating to others who have different personality types and intelligences. My personality type was an organizer, and that helps me in distance learning because I keep everything for each class separate so it’s easier to find, I also keep an agenda with my assignments wrote down for each class, and two dry erase boards one for each class.

buy custom Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders essay

buy custom Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders essay Post-traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) can be described as mental disorders that are experienced after an exposure to a disturbing event such as war, plane crush, domestic violence, earthquakes etc. When one is exposed to such horrifying events, s/he takes quite a good amount of time to forget and during that period, the victim experiences biological and psychological changes. Throughout history, wars have been known to trigger psychological problems especially to soldiers who after returning home; they become unable to adjust to home life after the war. This work is meant to explore on the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders that are experienced by the Iraq War veterans, with special focus on the causes, the Iraq conditions that contributed to these disorders, the symptoms of PTSD as well as the how the war affected the soldiers and their families. The work will also give the statistics on the soldiers who returned home with psychological problems after the war. Most of the veteran soldiers were deployed to go and help in fighting the Iraq War. However most of them returned home with signs of PTSD. This was due to several factors that contributed to the large number of veteran soldiers suffering from PTSD. Some of these include preparedness in which some of the soldiers feel guilty and angry that they did not receive enough preparations on how to handle some situations such as exposure to biological and nuclear weapons. In such situations, they became helpless and this always haunted them that they were insufficient during the war. Therefore it was this persistent anger and the feeling of guilty that increased the victims risks for PTSD (Litz and Orsilo 25). Another cause of the many psychological problems experienced by the veteran war participants is exposure. The Iraq war involved a more conventional exposure to weapon firing therefore one was anxious that he may be fired by the enemy, be fired accidentally by a colleague or fire someone. Most of them were also exposed to witnessing a friend dying, injuries etc. All these memories stick in their minds and after the war; it becomes difficult for them to remember therefore they keep on haunting them (Litz and Orsilo 25). The aftermath of the war may also be a serious cause of the psychological problems experienced by the veterans. The aftermath exposure to seeing and handling bodies of dead soldiers and civilians, sounds of dying women and men crying for their lives, smell of decomposing bodies etc were very demoralizing and disturbing (Litz and Orsilo 25). The exposure to biological, chemical and radiological weapons also affected the health of these soldiers chronically. Some of the soldiers that were exposed to these chemical suffered chronic mental and psychological disorders as a result (Litz and Orsilo 26). However, while most of the psychological problems were as a result of the above mentioned factors, the conditions in Iraq also contributed to some extent. The working and living conditions were not conducive in the war zone. Soldiers had to cope and live with pressures and irritations connected to life. They experienced fatigue due to the long working days; sleeping less and working for many hours. They had to wake up very early and sleep very late, tired yet needed to prepare for the following days work (Litz and Orsilo 26). They also experienced unfavorable climate; being in a foreign land, they had to adjust to new climatic conditions. The soldiers also had to work with the available equipment which was sometimes not sufficient for all of them as the stores run out. They also had to eat foreign and sometimes undesirable food since they were in foreign land, thus they were forced to adapt to different culture and foods (Litz and Orsilo 26). Even though it is obvious that these con ditions are non-traumatizing, they strain the individuals ability to cope thus contributing to post-traumatic problems. Most of the veterans that were involved in the Iraq war experienced some of the most chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders. The severity of these disorders however depended largely on the degree to which the victim was exposed. Victims of PTSD are reported to exhibit three distinct groups of symptoms (Wilson, Friedman and Lindy 336). Among these is arousal which is characterized by lack oof concentration, the victim tends to avoid the people around him, lack of sleep, quick in angering etc. Re-experiencing is another group of symptoms which includes nightmares, disturbing thoughts, persisting flashbacks and emotional Distress when the victim remembers of the traumatic event. The other group of symptoms is avoidance in which the victim tends to avoid thinking of the event, the victim becomes inactive and develops low concern in activities, s/he tends to keep distance from the other people and his emotions become numb (Wilson, Friedman and Lindy 336). Some of the war effects that the veterans and their families experienced included loses of their loved ones. Most of these soldiers when they returned from the war committed suicide because of the stresses that keep on haunting them (Korb and Duggan 5). Another effect of the war is divorce. The rate of divorce has been reported to increase at a very high rate especially by those returning from the war. This is due to the psychological problems which contribute to drug abuse, drinking and domestic violence which in turn lead to divorce (Korb and Duggan 5-6). It is reported that one in every five soldiers returning from the war is experiencing or shows some symptoms of PTSD. This number therefore totalizes to approximately 345,000 who have so far been diagnosed of PTSD (Korb and Duggan 4). It can therefore be concluded that Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) are psychological problems that one suffers when exposed to traumatic events such as war, accidents etc. The effects of the Iraq war were very intense that they affected both the participants and their families as a result of the PTSD. Some of the causes of PTSD included lack of enough preparation for the war, exposure to terrifying sights such as rotting bodies, exposure to weapon firing, biological and nuclear weapons. The working and living conditions in Iraq were also not favorable and to some extent contributed to the chances of suffering from PTSD. The symptoms of PTSD are grouped into three categories; arousal, avoidance and re-experiencing. These symptoms have been diagnosed in over 345,000 soldiers that returned from the war. Buy custom Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders essay

Neodymium essays

Neodymium essays My elements name is Neodymium. Neodymium was discovered in 1925 by C.F. Aver von Welsbach in Austria. This element got its name from the Greek words neos, which means new, and didymos, which means twin. Nd is the atomic symbol and it is in group IIIA, which is the rare earth elements or the Lanthanide Series. The price for Neodymium is about $1/g. Neodymium has a popularity of 16 out of 100. The atomic weight of Nd is 144.24 amu. It is white, yellow, or brown. It has a hexagonal shape. It has 60 Protons, 84 Neutrons, and 60 electrons. Neodymiums melting point is 1010.0 C, 1283. 15Â °K, and 1850.0F. Its boiling point is 3127.0C, 3400.15Â °K, and 5660.6F. Neodymium is a solid. The oxidation number is +3. Neodymium is never found in nature as a free element, it is found in ores monazite sand. It is mostly used for making magnets. Neodymium is used for to make many different things. It makes up about 18% of Misch metal, a material that is used to make flints for lighters. Neodymium is also a component of didymium glass, which is used to make certain types of welder's and glass blower's goggles. Neodymium is added to glass to remove the green color caused by iron contaminants. It can also be added to glass to create violet, red or gray colors. Some types of glass containing neodymium are used by astronomers to calibrate devices called spectrometers and other types are used to create artificial rubies for lasers. Neodymium salts are also used to color enamels and glazes in ceramics and for a special lens with praseodymium. Nd is also used to produce bright purple glass and special glass that filters infrared radiation. There is also a lot of Neodymium can be found in magnets and stained glass. Neodymium is present in misch metal to the extent of about 18%. The metal has a bright silvery metallic lustre. Neodymium is one of the more reactive rare-earth metals and ...

Management Functions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management Functions - Case Study Example Case Study Management functions can be stated as a set of core and most essential elements for various organizations that not only enable them to achieve their desired business goals but also facilitate in building long-term sustainability in the competitive environment. The set of an effective management functions comprises four fundamental elements that include controlling, planning, organizing along with leading (Rutter, 2003). With reference to the major attributes of management functions, this paper intends to present a series of recommendations to Amanda Smith (Amanda) in response to the concerns identified from the case. Brief Overview of the Case Amanda Smith (Amanda) had started a new small sized accounting firm named â€Å"Smith's Accounting and Tax Service† after she got six years of experience through working in a renowned accounting firm. As the intention of Amanda is to conduct own business within the community, she opened her accounting firm by engaging one empl oyee named Lisa. At the starting face of the business, Amanda has developed a mission statement along with a strategy for her business. The mission statement of Smith’s Accounting and Tax Service was to ensure the deliverance of adequate accounting and tax services to the small business owners within community. However, the organization has faced certain challenges due to its inappropriate management and control process. Owing to this context, it has been recognized that lack of planning can be considered as one of the major factors that led the firm to face different concerns related to its accounting services. The ineffective management of operational processes such as maintaining records of the tax returns for such a small accounting firm can also be viewed to generate greater risks. The issue concerning employment layoff has also been witnessed in the case due to certain errors in the accounting work prepared by the employees of the firm. Recommendations to Amanda in Resp onse to the above identified Concerns In relation to the fundamental concept of management, there are basically four functions that ensure to provide adequate support to the organizations in efficiently obtaining their predetermined business targets. In this regard, an effective set of management functions comprise four major and most essential elements such as controlling, planning, organizing along with leading that supports the organizations to sustain in this competitive landscape (Morgeson, DeRue, & Karam, 2010). According to the case scenario, the inappropriate planning of conducting operational procedures along with incorrect setting of organizational goals have eventually contributed in creating problems for Amanda and her firm. In relation to the case of Amanda, inappropriate execution of the organizing functions including personnel management can be duly considered as the major aspect hindering to generate positive outcomes for her company by a certain degree. Moreover, it can be stated that the inadequate organizing process of the firm has further witnessed to prioritize the importance of recruitment, job design and descriptions along with delivering proper training to the staffs. It can also be apparently observed that lack of motivational skills has also negatively impact on the overall performance of Amanda and her firm at large. In this context, the leadership functions of Amanda could focus on making effective decisions which could enable the organization to develop its operational and managerial activities towards the accomplishment of organizational

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 39

Reflection - Essay Example Additionally, I provided helpful information in the presentation and I spelt out a clear definition of leadership, which was supported with several substantive quotes. However, because of the fairness of the assessment process I was also made aware of areas that I need to improve, which include ensuring that I use photos that directly relate to the topic of discussion. Secondly, I need to slow the pace of making a presentation and thirdly, I need to use my own voice whilst making the presentation. In the feedback received, it was noted that I should improve the presentation by using my own voice during the presentation. I will do this by simply making an audio file that directly interrelates with the presentation i.e. words and symbols on a particular slide. Secondly, I will change some pictures to make all the pictures fit with the concept of leadership and that will give the presentation a stronger meaning. I will locate such pictures by simply conducting an in-depth internet search and retrieving relevant pictures that are aligned with the topic of discussion or the concept of leadership. This assignment has helped me in redefining on what a leader is and it has helped me in developing a deeper understanding about the concept of leadership since I used visual images to r clarify further on certain points. The feedback particularly helped me to improve on my self since they highlighted on my weaknesses and they clearly stipulated on areas that I need to improve on. In the beginning of this semester I understood leadership as a practice whereby a person who in this case is a leader is able influence others in order to achieve the goals of the interest they present, which could be individual or organizational. At the end of the semester, I have a different view as well as understanding about leadership based on what I have learnt throughout the semester or whilst making the presentation. In particular, at the end of semester I

Assessments of children starting formal schooling Essay

Assessments of children starting formal schooling - Essay Example Assessments of children starting formal schooling This study will consider ways in which the teacher might identify appropriate starting points in teaching for children who are finding tasks difficult. Advice and information from other teachers and the child’s care-givers, in addition to careful observation of the child, can help to identify ‘where the child is’. This is particularly important for children starting compulsory schooling, as the diversity of pre-infant school provision means that the reception class is likely to include 5-year-olds with widely different experiences and expectations about school. Careful assessment through various forms of observation (not formal tests) of the point reached by a child (say 5-6 years old) in his or her learning, and teaching which builds on this knowledge are main objectives of current study. It is not being suggested that starting points for, say, 5-year-olds should be only in terms specifically and directly linked with National Curriculum attainment targets. Broader assessment based on observation is important for all children but particularly for any children thought to have difficulties in learning. Observation of children is a vital first step in planning how their learning can be fostered. Observation can take many forms, structured or unstructured, involving the teacher working with the child or remaining distanced. When and how teachers observe children will depend both on the aims of that observation and on what is realistic in a busy classrooom.